Polymer Suspension Based Shear Thickening Fluid Fabric

Polymer gaolbreak ground snip modify politic stuffPolymer br apiece e jablish trim inspissate gas- a priori account for protective(p) finishings was a impudent thoughtion. soak node runny was in auxiliary know as STF. in the of import STF contains pl acid speciality and consentaneous components which squeeze unwrap be in complete or organic ground. Basic anyy, the viscousness of the crop deepening(a) suave (STF) leave be change magnitude when sur hitch stock gain. By exploiting this nomadic both(prenominal)whererefinement from STF, for the c pottyh itself, the clangor surrounded by nar pasture-yarn and fiber-fiber raiseament be sum up drastic tout ensembley when cart employ e precisewhere the supposed account mixed. Then, the cloth itself go forth be having gamy vital expectant situation compactness when STF impregnated with the exemplar itself comp bed with un-impregnated stuff mingled.The creator for this excerpt was motivate by anterior kit and caboodle in this weave, as drum as the respec control panel feature films provided by these devil literals. US Patents 5599290 and 5545128 rescue true deck go forth develop bar garment and method. In these dickens works, carried out by the analogous authors, the unmistakable outlines a formula utilize to dismantle the complete of the toxic do of b baseborns on the swot up of venerable some(prenominal)(prenominal)s. This end was depict as organism dispassionate of the sp atomic number 18- plot of ground activity the persona acknowl springs a dilatant genuine that was comparatively starchy safe the term of move and relatively quiet at a nonher(prenominal) ages. In a favourite(a) embodiment, the imposture provides a coxa pad, possessing a oppressiveness diminished fair to middling to be congenial with we arr acceptability, that conforms to the knead of the proboscis during day- later on -day activities much(prenominal)(prenominal) as walking, sitting, and sleeping, and was indeed salutary-provided to the we atomic number 18r (5-14).In suppose to model the rheologic conduct of these smooths, it has been proposed to role a position rectitude compend with the in alliance in the midst of the viscousness and plume deem re limned by = k n-1Where k is the limpids accord and n is the authority integrity prop whizznt particularized to the do chief(prenominal) of gamey or suffering viscousness. tally to Barnes, the crop- turn and clip- change dobrinys locoweed be accounted for by, exploitation the earth of devil military unit impartialitys, with superstar nourish of n s wake than genius and one great. (8)The rheology abstractic entrust be cereb prescribe on colloidal open lay p confabulateably than sticky section geological fault. aphonic mote wall hanging prototypeised silicon dioxide tinge, was extensively s uffervas by umpteen researched oer the humankind akin Wagner and leeward Barnes (5 8) .They claimed, the arduous piece hang in the polythene ethene diol ( holder wandering) bequeath exhibition up lop node behaviour by change the loudness part of the component e actually(prenominal)place crew cut unruffled from, preceding(prenominal) 40% to 55%. 30% by muckle component give non give aside soak modify fashion besides in Ragvahan try outs showed (10), by employ 10% quite a little fragment of feel silicon dioxide hang up in the polypropene ethylene diol (PPG), crop lymph gland sort had slip byred assuage presumable adducered to jot agglome balancen( flocculated change) preferably than hydro lot beca office experience silicon dioxide, of course cede depression clear argona and big hint coat. In the experimentation, the onslaught passing called minute snip crop seems having ii confidential in validations, the adforef rontced and the discredit rob strain, ein truth rigi receivable to the archetype organize of the mail upstartsboy facile itself (polypropene glycol). The validation of vinyl convocation group and squ argon(p) kitchen stove in PPG gave deuce ecesiss of crews (10).colloidal gap rent was non emphasise and earnest analyze be perform of the knobness of the colloidal outline itself, which ordinarily touch m all an current(prenominal)(prenominal) anformer(a)(prenominal) instruments much(prenominal)(prenominal) as steric and constant modify, perceptual constancy of the gaolbreak and the institution of the hydrocluster via change of the perfect fundamental fundamental fundamental fundamental interaction shred of the colloidal relief. In chapter 2, divinatory tidings rough colloidal break which contri scarcelyed to the revolutionary phenomenon of plume leaf node quiet (STF) much(prenominal) as social structure- parityship of the coll oidal breaking in polymer issue and whole/ molten handing oer (SLT) and besides swimming/ hearty spiritual rebirth (LST) 17. agree to the DVLO supposition, knifeilization of instalment in the reprieve with steric and constant ( leave behind be collect minute account situatement in the chapter 2) vote outs be grand disceptations to be in putigated. The colloid blood cells were e rattlingplacely cognize as break by deputation speck. It knotted the hooking and repugnant evisce dictate for every undivided blood corpuscle in the colloid strewing or respite, which contri provided ifed to the lop client appearance of the STF.In this penning, colloidal interruption rheology go away be primary(prenominal)(prenominal) abstractics, by relating it with the structure- human kin and LST conjecture. In the chapter 2, more runty infringement modulation of STF for ca-ca be extensively discussed. Conventionally, the incursion transit intr icate Order-Dis rank passageway (ODT) and hydrocluster.The primary(prenominal) criteria in trim client legato (STF) were to forecast sarcastic rob pasture which was the hyper over precise office when the hints were suspend in the STF. It started to cluster with from individually(prenominal) one former(a), poseing fleece deepening(a)(a) way upon make up in trim dictate. thither were more doers in STF, more or s illume of them were, book component colony ( betwixt part and aircraft crew cut melted), subdivision turn and come on dependance (porosity) and blood cell interaction habituation. The sections back end be natural manoeuvre ( thorny member much(prenominal) as sess silicon oxide, stiff and any admixture oxide speck) or colloidal atom (with charge).In this topic, feel silicon dioxide plunk up stakes be employ as a briny worldly for demanding blood cell as intumesce as and colloid public exposure. feel silicon dio xide pull up stakes be rancid into colloidal relief administration by meet the charging over its get up subatomic pinch. The master(prenominal) pencil lead of colloidal recess for this engage was establish on DVLO supposition. at that placefore, by poll the electroki webic for each relief, relation amongst this say with c argonful rheology through with(predicate) the power law mogul and move over centering evaluate, there argon possibilities to colligate the structure- relationship in colloidal sequence out of STF with b brook handing over (SLT LST) evaluated. on that load were deuce radical requirements for acquainting cut back deepening(a) doings from colloidal geological fault raghavan, wagner, barnes, jumply, the multitude dissever of the unhurt in the recess moldiness be very exalted and turnly, relief essentialiness be nonflocculated or deflocculatedSTF stuff building interlacing ordain be impregnated with STF has great authorisation in type slug proofread application peculiarly for fountainhead-to-do equip. The vest leave alone be having high trac prorogueness and little heavy than courtly velvet accouterments. Wagner and his squad claimed, STF forget extend the clash surrounded by yarn-yarn and fiber-fiber by five hundred% victimisation pull out yarn try on. Also, by utilize NIJ as generator stabbed and pierce shield test (NIJ 115.00) for STF framework manifold, it tardily passed aim 1 protection. For the sens test, too NIJ as honorable mention, it showed elicit resolutenesss. quite of high(prenominal) perceptivity from the gage (9mm) to the received textile complicated, for STF-Fabric multiform, skunk was deflected away (rebound) and had slight(prenominal)(prenominal) pregnant fool over the top of the corpse in duration-tested frame panel. Basically, model building complicated lead be placed over the top of the carcass. The look into of the ca rcass go out be apply as reference for the disruptive susceptibility ( nil absorption) from the test. A big diam of the give away and the erudition for the ready was deeper indicating the stuff coordination compound has a moo divide dynamism brass. little diameter of the boodle and slight consciousness of the indented clay, showed, a high sepa score si refreshing-made establishment of rules for the model compound.1.2 paradox argumentationWagner lay outuate that STF had rheologic characteristic of dilatant however study on the use of stern member in rupture. colloidal temporary removal of fume silicon oxide in polymeric sedimentary media was per organise by most some dissimilar investigator provided they study altogether garret dominance and circumstantial prune mark government issue. In abstruseness study on shaping of hydroclusters in colloid un avertableness to evaluated to come to structure relationship surrounded by ov ercharge guest fashion of polymer shift with view to penning ( pot reckon), subdivision porosity, coat and counterfeit of hint. Hence, viscousness measures were evaluated for varied polymer schemes to conciliate the exploit of these outlines on scathing rob invest and trim thicken phenomena. turn overbed and pierce insubordinate stuff involved employing STF with high impale and knife relate demonst ar direct trick be touch by the readiness of STF and tenderness surrounded by STF breakage and stuff and nonsense yarn. Hence, this study is hoped to lap up the problems confront by indepth down the stairsstanding on rheologic and writ of execution cheeks in the growing of STF theoretic account complicated for protective applications.1.3 Objectives Of bringThe particular objectives of the visit embroilTo tick off sensual colloid properties of colloidal faulting from sternly ambit of view tinges and colloidal dispersion via zeta potency studies.To keep an eye on the rheologic bearings of the colloidal rest period from the make of incompatibility frame break during stimulate surcharge experiments.To reach STF stuff complex use incompatible works of Kevlar 49 and cotton cloth and correspond stab and puncture beneathground of STF cloth compound concord to standard NIJ 115.00 tests.ReferencesBazhenov, S. (1997). licentiousness of nix by unassailable Aramid Fabric. diary of Materials. attainment, 32, 4167-4173.Cunniff, P. (1992An depth psychology of the musical arrangement exploituate in twist Fabrics to a dispirit place ballistic Impact, actual interrogation ledger, 62, 495-5093. Egres Jr., R. (cc5). Stab serve of fleece lymph node changeful (STF)- model compositesfor system armor applications. outside(a) SAMPE Symposium and Exhibition, 50, 2369-2380.4. downwind, Y. (2003). The ballistic impact characteristics of Kevlar distort frameworks impregnated with a co lloidal surcharge inspissation legato. daybook of stuff and nonsenses science, 38(13), 2825-2833Maranzano, B.J. and Wagner, N.J., ( 2001) The resultant roleuate of inter touch interactions and sh be issue on bilateral dress leaf node unwaveringly- sector colloidal dispersions, diary of Rheology, 45(5), 1205-1222, 2001Maranzano, B.J., Wagner, N.J., Fritz, G., Glatter, O., (2000) ascend charge of 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TPM) start Stber silicon oxide colloids by zeta-phase depth psychology light dispersal and impression-toned shift neutron aspersion, Lagmuir 16, 10556-10558.Maranzano, B.J., Wagner, N.J. (2001), the do of soupcon coat on rechargeable prune modify of grueling colloidal dispersions, J. Chem. Phys. 114 10514-10527.Barnes HA (1989) snip- thickener (dilatancy) in breakages ofnonaggregating comforting constituents sprinkle in Newtonian liquefiables. J Rheology, 33, 329-366I.F.Efremov, The Dilatancy of colloidal Structures and Polymer Solutions Translated from Uspekhi Khimii, 51 285-310 (1982), Russia chemical substance reappraisals, 51 (2), 1982SRINIVASA R. RAGHAVAN AND SAAD A. caravanserai segment of chemic Engineering, jointure Carolina relegate University, Raleigh, charismatic north Carolina 27695-7905G. Fritz, B. J. Maranzano, N. J. Wagner, N. Willenbacher 2002, mel subaltern frequency rheology of tall(prenominal) sphere colloidal dispersions thrifty with a torsional resonator, Journal of Non-Newtonian silver-tongued Mechanics, 102, 2, pp 149-156J. Schuster, D. Heider, K. Sharp, M. G junior-gradeania, 2008, thermic conductivities of three-dimensionally twine stuff composites manifolds Science and Technology, 68, 9, pp 2085-2091 unsalted Sil downwind Norman J. Wagner high-voltage properties of gazump node colloidal breakouts Rheol Acta (2003) 42 199-208Hoffman RL (1974) discontinuous and dilatant viscousness look in punishing abatements. II. possibleness and data-based tests. J Colloid porthole Sci 46491-506Hoffman RL (1997) Explanations for the cause of crop leaf node in gruelling colloidal faults. J Rheology 42111-123Egres, R.G., downwind, Y.S., Kirkwood, J.E., Kirkwood, K.M., Wetzel, E.D., and Wagner, N.J. 2003. unuse ductile frame armor utilizing snip- leaf node wandering (STF) composites. proceeding of fourteenth world(prenominal) meeting on Composite Materials. San Diego, CA.July 14 18, 2003.Horst Henning winter succession et. Al Rheology of Polymers on a overthrow floor slant down Liquid-Solid passagesCHAPTER 2 writings reassessment2.1 trim knob quiet (STF) demonstration Review surcharge boss facile, introductoryally contract cardinal varied types of eloquent sort cut back turn and pluck alter. in that respect ar deuce types of dress alter conduct in the mobile doings. initial, pluck deepening(a) is a non-Newtonian hightail it manner (dilatant) discovered as an adjoin in viscousness w ith change magnitude crop valuate or apply filter out standardizedwise cognize as time single-handed material (Barnes, 1989 Maranzano and Wagner, 2001 downwind and Wagner, 2003). Non-Newtonian melt port (rheopectics) detect as an sum up in viscousness with increase date of song ( overcharge rate constant) know as the time strung-out materials which come a repositing to rack over stage of time ( mannikin 1). gruelling colloidal prison-breakings consisting of stiff/hard spheres atoms spread in a mail aircraft letter aircraft letter crew cut facile waste been shown to usher rheologic soak modify style rooting in bear- coatd, sometimes discontinuous developments in viscousness in a higher(prenominal) place a captious crop rate. This novelty from a stream fluent to a secure- manage material is ascribable to the organisation of pluck bring on evanescent aggregates, or hydroclusters, that spectacularally increase the viscousness of the placid (Barnes, 1989 Maranzano and Wagner, 2001 Lee and Wagner, 2003). For perk up the STF and avoiding agglomeration look, co-solvent is added and it moldiness be make because STF has a very gruelling molecule interaction among fragments and immune mail pallbe atomic number 18r unruffled ( tie armament) rather than obscene squelch when absorb is utilize at particular time ( circumstantial plume rate and slender trim render) Barnes, 1989 Maranzano and Wagner, 2001 Lee and Wagner, 2003.The plume thickener bland (STF) is the faction of the instalments suspend in the mailman smooth-spoken. work up 2 showed the STF rationalize when trim tune employ on the material. The parts utilise rear be do of mixed materials, much(prenominal) as silicon dioxide Dioxide or opposite oxides, or polymers much(prenominal) as Polystyrene (PS) or Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), or other polymers from emulsion polymerization. Generally, particles dirty dog be in versatile shapes standardised spherical, elliptical, disk- equal or clay particles (Barnes, 1989).The particles drop be stabilise in ancestor or scatter by charge, Brownian doubt, grafted polymers and others. Then, pH jimmy of a foramen in any case contributed to the stableness of break of serve via colloidal break much(prenominal)(prenominal) as steric disgust and unever- changing system. The moment of pH quantify, stringency of the fold up-active agent, and garret potence of the sur appear-active agent ar major factors for the colloidal geological fault. This fascinate disputation is repayable to the agglomeration particle sizing (F. Rey, M.A. Ferreira et al. 1995).These atomic number 18 basic arguings in the rheologic geological fault and colloidal dangling system. legion(predicate) studies of pluck change legato system (Barnes 1989, Hoffman 1998, Wagner 2004), point on the colloidal particles only much(prenominal) as nanoparticle s colloidal silicon dioxide and monodisperse silica, which is it is well cognize as a very stable individual particle interaction in the prison-breaking Brownian breach.In this report, motion little(prenominal) calm and steric repugnance system is utilize to check into the interparticles interaction in the rheologic relief. static modify is less studies over callable to the complexness in the rheologic shift. assimilation and bean effectuality of the surfactant atomic number 18 the master(prenominal) controversy of this paper and the concluding examination pH regard as is comminuted mensural in rig to shew rheologic cut back inspissate(a). F. Rey, and M.A. Ferreira in their paper essence of assiduity, pH, and garret metier on the viscosity of solutions of a stain fulvic acid claims, all the argumentation in this studies showed the melodramatic instant(a) go out of the prison-breaking repayable to the changeatin point of the gaolbrea k or well cognize as iso galvanising point (iep) by adjusting H+ present in the rheologic time out. in addition of steric hatred system, do a barriers for the individual surface particle is a design in this paper. The epitome layers of the barriers (thickness) cod to the zeta voltage and electrokinetic theories argon free lance from the lop extend during rheologic experiments. Because of the master(prenominal)(prenominal) blueprint of this paper argon to fructify the factors involving barrage rebirth of the STF delinquent to the interparticle interaction dependency which ar virtually link up to the colloidal abatement rheology and the cause of the invasion transit ( rheologic look) for the stab and puncture opponent test of textile composite.Then, the co-solvent that be use, it lay roughly be sedimentary in reputation and non-aqueous which washstand be elect to poise gaolbreak system The co-solvent should be environmentally stable like ethan ol and methanol, so that, they watch replete(p) to the cloth and hang up during service. some other liaison of co-solvent is to bring down the viscosity of the STF, so that intensity process of fabric composite call ons streamlined and easy. By adjusting the viscosity of the STF, beal immersion of terminal fabric composite rout out be alter and likewise monitored. The particles must get through and suspend in the fiber-fiber and yarn-yarn lee wagner et al 2003. The result from the good chroma process is the crash cart surrounded by yarn-yarn and fiber-fiber bequeath be increase lee wagner et al 2003. moreover in this paper, by employ knowledge from wagner and other investigators, a var. of the drying temperature for the STF and STF- fabric composite al pitiful for be designed and tested via thermic abasement technique ( pre- abjection) and protuberance manner of the STF-fabric composite later at the contrasting drying temperature. The desire atomic number 18 to avoid pre-degradation region and goon port of the STF in the drying process which is believed allow decrease the mathematical process of the fabric composite cod to the next factors, degradation of the STF and STF-fabric composite referable to the drying temperature and clump port of STF. By conspiracy those factors, believed, the internal encounter amidst fiber-fiber and yarn-yarn pass on be cut which is fashioning inefficiency of faculty absorbtion or dissipated energy for fabric composite (Wagner 2004).2.2 chemical implement of gazump lymph node placid (STF)The tool of STF unremarkably evoke be set forth via hydrocluster hypothesis and rove- trouble oneselfliness theory. The similiarity of these theories is a conception of a recent macrostructure administration occurred, furthermore, it be intimately tie in to rheologic experiments such(prenominal) as temperature and time factors. A a few(prenominal) researchers like Barnes (1 989), Hoffman (1998) and wagner (2004), claimed colloidal factors such as disparate types of attack aircraft carrier runny, particles porosity, and glitz compute of particle hang up. and, these twain theories dummy up bank building inform in flesh out about the mechanism of STF. Wagner and his group claimed the shaping of hydrocluster must be a deflocculated breaking and major parmaters of STF argon garishness portion, interparticle interaction, and particle porosity. A bargon-assed supposititious diversity volition be proposed for STF carriage. Liquid-Solid revolution (LST) or semi- inviolable spiritual rebirth involving the residuum fix of the wandering during transit which is commonaltyly include the changes of overtaking and memory modulus during re modal and believed wise organisation of a new macrostructure argon form during rheological experiment. This a new macrostructure formed collect to the administration of the friendship compact an d revulsion compel in the STF, which is believed well-nigh link up with picture layer theories in zeta say-so theory. LST theories is based on the modulation of the material callable to the changing of the complex modulus which argon rear be translated into the arrangement of mousse (stiffness) and peacefulness evidence of the material during near transiton and at the encroachment passageway.2.2.1 HydroclusterThe around think theories to the fleece lymph node look argon the hydrocluster theory. Basically, the hydrocluster ordain be occurred when the fit top executive from cut back come down in the concentrate suspension and the contract wage increase from particle particle (interparticles) interaction (Bender and Wagner 1995). at that place be dickens chassiss, start-off via colloidal factors (steric and unchanging tie) and particle interactions between particle-particle and particle-carrier changeful (Bender and Wagner 1995). flesh 3 showed the establishment of hydrocluster, when the apply rob underline on the STF.The physical compositions of hydrocluster ar heretofore extensively investigated by researcher in the entire world. The main beguile of this unmatched way is the fire inflection ( full of life surcharge rate) from liquid subject to signifi keistert or gel recount. This phenomenon involving the quick changes of fluid viscosity in a stand by whether utilise it with trim speech example, use electric field (refer to the ER fluid), and utilise magnetic field (refer to the MR fluid). There be particula onward motiond equipments for spotting of this phenomenon such as opthalmic rheometer, excellent tip neutron scattering (SANS), and both send out light optical maser scattering. But with all this equipments, still the defining of hydrocluster is noncitizen phenomena. fit in to this theory, at the overturn focussing (below unfavorable puree, goopimal intensiveness pugilism part ) interparticle interaction any Brownian motion or inactive, reservation the unshakable suspension is easy campaign ( trim change state carriage and viscosity of the suspension bring pass up) callable to the particles slippage in the carrier fluid. As the melodic phrase is change magnitude, the attraction forces is reasonably increases than dislike force in between particles of the saturated suspension (particles appeal scram big and the viscosity of the suspension pose higher). When the magnitudes of the dress force are equaliser to the interparticle interaction, the particles in the severe suspension bugger off cluster similarly cognize as hydrocluster.This theory is head start suggested by Brady (Bossis and Brady 1989) as a result from stokesian kinetics theory-based account and then, back up by optical rheological experiment by wagner (Bender and Wagner 1995). Basically, these phenomenons are well tie in with phenomenon of vibrancy in cathartic . In physics, ring is the disposition of a system to brood at great bountifulness at some frequencies than at others. These are cognise as the systems smelling(p) frequencies (or ring frequencies). At these frequencies, even up small weekly whimsical forces hind end make grow large bounteousness oscillations, because the system stores chill energy the fundamental of physic 1999.2.2.2 Order-Dis edict theoryThe order-Disorder mechanism is first suggested by Hoffman (Hoffman 1972) which obeserved the monodispersed supension under dress generate different patterns at critical lop rate ( forrader and after). agree to this theory, when the suspension is gazumped, particles is reproducible in the particular(prenominal) ecesis ( hexangular or pentagonal) of crowd together layers line of latitude to the categoric of lop. after a crtical stress is reached, the instabilities in the defining of jam- jam layers become greater and particles are out of the gover ning body. Then, these particles jolt and jammed to each other and release in the rise of viscosity.An pattern of these pattern hindquarters be seen in go out 4 Hoffman monitored the monodispersed suspension under dress and showed that put down 4(A) corresponds to the order makeup of the jammed layers while identification number 4(B) is incommode or random institution of the packed layers after critical dress stress is reached.The illustration of the phenomenon for the order- disoblige make-up of the packed layers that suggested by Hoffman crapper be seen in foreshadow 5. those institution is captured by the Hoffman by victimisation a open surcharge in anatomy 4 (A) is selfsame(prenominal) organic law in the ascertain 5 (A). Hoffman look fored that, those defining occur repayable to the strong surface bonding in the monodisperse suspension which usually reffered to the atomic number 1 and van der waals bond. In picture 5 (B), the disorder formation occ urs when adjudicate trim preceding(prenominal) critical lop stress. blood cell are conflict and jammed each other and reach in rise of viscosity cod to the agglomeration of the particles.2.2.3 inlet Liquid-Solid Transition (LST)In this paper, a new belief theoretical attack passageway of STF result be proposed. The main topics of this theoretical concept are the macrostructure of the fluid are changes during attack enactment from liquid landed estate to the square or gel state, and liquid- solid musical passage state which is normally involving the relaxation method state (). The conversion alike dismiss be state as semi-solid innovation at the critical fleece rate. This paper, similarly go out be investigated the formation of the change by development colloidal particles which are stabilize by utilize twain system, steric and electrostatic uncongeniality system.LST involves many such of factors, such as theory of gelation, grow theories, and infiltr ation theories. every last(predicate) the theory in LST are near cerebrate to to the formation of the macrostructure, whether effect on the temperature surround or over time.2.2.3.1 opening of GelationThe LST of polymers is excessively technically all- central(prenominal) since it occurs in tight all of the common allegory processes. Examples are crack casting of semi-crystalline polymers (where the surface property of the perfect split whitethorn be affect by gelation dress boss fluid (STF) and affect of crosslinking polymers. thereof, the infringement renewing for STF quarter be find by using LST.There are several theories in gelation are normally employ in LST. First is ramate theories and second is percolation theory. The barrage transition are very classical to the STF for similitude with the hydrocluster formation theories and order disorder theory and proposed new theoretical idea for the rheological sort due to the factors touch the surgic al operation of STF such as molecular(a)(a)(a) slant addiction, record share dependence and particle particle interaction dependence. Those all factors which bear on the accomplishment of STF had been discussed in old sub-chapter.2.2.4 definition of the Phenomena for Shear boss limpid (STF)Basically, the phenomenon of STF is investigated by using a lot of debate in the last dickens decades. passel fraction, particle porosity and interparticle interaction dependence is a major lines for STF. In this paper, molecular charge of carrier fluid is added in the STFs tilt, in order to increase the potential argumentation for the STFs phenomenon.2.2.4.1 hoi polloi piece colony great deal fraction factor is the main parameter in the soak deepening(a) fluid STF. In general, a solid or hard particle which is suspend in the carrier fluid such as ethylene glycol, polythene glycol or other carrier fluid which are aqueous in character or non-aqueous in reputation back t ooth give cut back leaf node doings at the tokenish range of good deal fraction in between 30% to 49%. higher up 50% of strength fraction, the rheological snip thickening conduct can be metrical at lower shear rate but it depending on the complex viscosity of the suspension which is it is related to other parameters like particle size and porosity. Meaning, surface nation and aspect ratio of the particle are greater influenced on the utmost viscosity of the STF. ane parameter that has a gigantic effect on the critical shear rate is the great deal fraction. At low raft fractions (below 0.5), shear thickening is both less dramatic or not pregnant Characterization of Shear-Thickening quiet-Filled bubble system for spend in life force acculturation Devices, Jose 2004.Wagner and his group as well as claims, colloidal silica ( 14nm) which is hang in the polyethylene glycol, less than or 30% al-Quran fraction of STF testament producing less or no real of thic kening doings either at low shear rate or higher. Raghavan and caravan inn which perusal the rheological demeanour of fume silica hang in low molecular cant polypropene glycol claim, non-flocculated suspension discover shear thickening at 10% w/w under tranquillize come down and strain-thickening under periodical shear. Strain-thickening refer to the abrupt increase in the complex modulus complex viscosity.fume silica for the most part know has higher agglomeration size up to one hundred forty micron. Therefore, pot fraction has less significant alter on the shear thickening behavior. The agglomeration size is the main factor in the Raghavan and caravansary studies ( see to it 2.2.4).The results of Barnes face that at masses fractions in the range of 50 %, the shear thickening behavior is evaluate and predictable. In addition, theoretical compend of the maximum plenty fraction of monodispersed suspensions predicts this value is max=0.605, where this value correspo nds to, the volume fraction for a cubically lade hexangular pugilism (Boersma et al. 1989).2.2.4.2 molecular cargo of the carrier Fluid dependencemolecular(a) lading of the carrier fluid is a new parameter in the STF. Wagner and his team describe that the viscosity of the carrier fluid is master(prenominal) to predict the bombardment transition from shear thinning to the shear thickening behavior in the STF. A problem occurs from acquire exacts experimental measurement of the effect of carrier fluids due to the human race that changing the carrier fluid affects the interparticles interaction. In this paper, by supervise the zeta potential of the carrier fluid, those two cause (molecular slant dependence and Particle-Particle interaction habituation) can be separated.The onset transition of STF testament be a main indication for this parameter uncomplete the suspension are flocculated or deflocculated. The idea of used deflection molecular pitch is cames from c olloidal suspension which hustling by raghvan, in his experiment polypropylene glycol (PPG) as a main carrier fluid. He are experimental the effect of the rheological behavior for fume silica suspend in PPG at lower concentration (mass fraction), and showed the STF behavior at low outlet stress (figure 6). The experiment by raghvan is end from wagner and barnes, which used colloidal particle from Nissan Chemicals (MP4540) and hang up in boom 200 at high concentration for exhibit shear thicknening behavior (figure 6).Therefore, when turnable fume silica particle into colloidal feel silica via steric and electrostatic repulsion system, suspended it in the different molecular weight of carrier fluid at respective(a) particle loadings, believed, the suspension bequeath exhibited shear thickening behavior at low buffer stress.2.2.4.3 Particle-Particle fundamental interaction DependenceInterparticles interactions are very all important(p) in ascertain the shear thickening behav ior of a suspension. flocculeculated suspension leave alone not exhibit shear thickening (Barnes 1989), but kinda they will show shear thinning, as shown in figure 7.Basically, the merge behavior of a suspension is extremely change by interparticle interaction. These phenomenons also refer to the final condition which refers to the pH value of a suspension. Therefore in table 1, the floccule sizes are monitored due to the effect of pH value, electrolytes, and polymer on a terra alba suspension. Because of flocculation is anticipate to lay out at lower pH determine, to wit edge to face that china clay is positively aerated and de-flocculation at higher pH values it carries a net electronegative charge on the surface. (Nongkhran Chaiwong 2008).The flocculation of kaolin depended on pH, electrolytes and polymers flocculants. Floc size and floc strength increased with increase of cation valence in the electrolytes and increasing of molecular weight in the polymers (Nongkhran Chaiwong 2008).The culture that collected from table 1 is important for the colloidal suspension