Clothing Is a Mode of Non-Verbal Communication Essay -- Nonverbal Comm

Crossed arms, dilated pupils, and fake smiles are all examples of nonverbal communication. However, the one that may have the biggest impact on a persons depression of the wearer is the type of wear he or she is wearing. Clothing is very much the first impression of a person that someone gets, whether it is accurate or not. peck often use clothing to indicate their age, gender, political views, and economic class. Without all the same realizing it, most people make assumptions about a person based on their clothing. People make assumptions and pass judgment about others emotional, moral, education, and social prestige (Dynamism of Fashion Among Female Undergraduates and its Effects in the Sight of Beholders in a University of Education, Nigeria 2011). We commonly expect people to dress a certain way before we learn anything about them personally, or their qualifications. So often, people try to hook out their nicest outfits when they are attempting to make a good first i mpression before the employer ever ask them any questions. First impressions are very grave and clothing is usually one of the prime factors in determining them (Pelham 2010). A persons personality and cultural beliefs can be communicated through their clothing options. Clothing can also be used to tell whether the wearer is conventional or audacious, outgoing or aloof, casual or organized, a leader or a follower, or poised or insecure. However, making assumptions like the ones previously stated can be mistaken (Dynamism of Fashion Among Female Undergraduates and its Effects in the Sight of Beholders in a University of Education, Nigeria 2011). Clothing styles such as very tight clothes may be suggestive, showing off, or possibly even unappealing, while clo... ...be identified as an Indian or as Hindu while she may very well be neither (Pelham 2010). I am often told that people are watching me. Not to hear what I say, but to see what I do, how I do it, and even what Im wearing. Wh ile they watch me, they are forming their own opinions. Whether or not their opinions are factual is not the point, the point is that they are basing their assumptions on nonverbal communication. The outcome is that nonverbal communication can be misconstrued at any time it just depends on the person analyzing it. Works CitedDynamism of Fashion Among Female Undergraduates and its Effects in the Sight of Beholders in a University of Education, Nigeria. Academic Leadership The Online Journal 9, no. 2 March 2011. Web. 20 March 2015Pelham, Libby. Clothing as a salmagundi of Non Verbal Communication. July 12, 2010. Web. 20 March 2015

Jazz Age Essay -- Music, Armstrong, Ellington

medicinal drug alike ( Windfield 240). A lot of musicians were involved, from Louis Armstrong to Duke Ellington. The Jazz movement affected United States history and the forthcoming music industry in a variety of ways.Initially, the first jazz is said to have been played by funeral bands that wailed music full of soul and glumness as the followed horse drawn hearses down the streets of New Orleans. It was blues music though (Winfield 157). Many historians mark the start of the Jazz grow on November 12, 1917- the mean solar solar day the De decomposement of the Navy closed a thirty-eight square-block neighborhood known as storyville in the city of New Orleans. Fearing the health of its sailors, the navy shut the doors of Storyvilles brothels and nightclubs, forcing hundreds of New Orleans musicians to search elsewhere for the livelihoods (Friedwald 157). After storyville was closed down, jazz musicians began moving north to take up permanent residence-several dozen of them lan ding in the great migratory target of Chicago alone (Shipton 132). From Chicago, jazz quickly migrated to New York City. That is where jazz became popular on the radio (Shipton 137). Jazz grew up in variety of venues as diverse as America itself-in taverns, ballrooms, gambling clubs, and hotels. Musicians at little clubs with their tiny audiences was where their music flourished (Shipton 143). Many Jazz musicians spent the most severalize of their adult lives in clubs, drank there, ate there, avoided the draft, and met their ends (Shipton 144).In addition to how Jazz started, there were plenty of musicians involved in the movement. One of the most impactful players were Louis Armstrong. Louis hardly had a family at all and raised in New Orleans Negro red light district (Friedwald 342). From th... ... like in places such as Britain, Germany, and France. That was helped on having it creation radio broadcasted. Jazz introduced other stuff like the birth of Bebop, Free Jazz, and Smoo th Jazz (Shipton 850).In conclusion, November 12, 1917 was an important day since it was the start of Jazz eon when the Navy closed down a neighborhood named Storyville in New Orleans. Every musician involved helped to shape the music of Jazz. African Americans were able to utter their feelings and make some money to play in bands. People in the music industry now use some jazzy kind of music and do not even know (Winfield 427). If was not for the jazz movement we probably would not be able to enjoy the music going on now. Many people call jazz Americas most original art form of music, but the great trumpet player Louis Armstrong would think its form is just unknown. (Szwed 457). Jazz Age Es give voice -- Music, Armstrong, Ellingtonmusic alike ( Windfield 240). A lot of musicians were involved, from Louis Armstrong to Duke Ellington. The Jazz movement affected United States history and the succeeding(a) music industry in a variety of ways.Initially, the first jaz z is said to have been played by funeral bands that wailed music full of soul and sombreness as the followed horse drawn hearses down the streets of New Orleans. It was blues music though (Winfield 157). Many historians mark the start of the Jazz Age on November 12, 1917- the day the Department of the Navy closed a thirty-eight square-block neighborhood known as storyville in the city of New Orleans. Fearing the health of its sailors, the navy shut the doors of Storyvilles brothels and nightclubs, forcing hundreds of New Orleans musicians to search elsewhere for the livelihoods (Friedwald 157). After storyville was closed down, jazz musicians began moving north to take up permanent residence-several dozen of them landing in the great migratory target of Chicago alone (Shipton 132). From Chicago, jazz quickly migrated to New York City. That is where jazz became popular on the radio (Shipton 137). Jazz grew up in variety of venues as diverse as America itself-in taverns, ballrooms, gambling clubs, and hotels. Musicians at little clubs with their tiny audiences was where their music flourished (Shipton 143). Many Jazz musicians spent the most part of their adult lives in clubs, drank there, ate there, avoided the draft, and met their ends (Shipton 144).In addition to how Jazz started, there were plenty of musicians involved in the movement. One of the most impactful players were Louis Armstrong. Louis hardly had a family at all and raised in New Orleans Negro red light district (Friedwald 342). From th... ... like in places such as Britain, Germany, and France. That was helped on having it macrocosm radio broadcasted. Jazz introduced other stuff like the birth of Bebop, Free Jazz, and Smooth Jazz (Shipton 850).In conclusion, November 12, 1917 was an important day since it was the start of Jazz Age when the Navy closed down a neighborhood named Storyville in New Orleans. Every musician involved helped to shape the music of Jazz. African Americans were able to designate their feelings and make some money to play in bands. People in the music industry now use some jazzy kind of music and do not even know (Winfield 427). If was not for the jazz movement we probably would not be able to enjoy the music going on now. Many people call jazz Americas most original art form of music, but the great trumpet player Louis Armstrong would say its form is just unknown. (Szwed 457).

The Zone Diet Essay example -- Weight Loss Nutrition Papers

The govern Diet High-protein/ low-carbohydrate diets are nonhing new to Americans these days they seem overwhelmingly to be the most popular among those people trying to lose weight. Ph.D. Dr. Barry Sears books on his version of the luxuriously-protein diet, the Zone Diet, are among the best selling diet books on the market. The diet seems to be yielding quick and noticeable results to those who follow Dr. Sears plan. Many people are desperate to lose weight and have tried numerous methods that have not produced sufficient and long lasting results. This could perhaps be the reason for the recent craze for the high-protein/ low-carbohydrate diet- it really does cause weight loss. Even Hollywood movie stars such as actresses Jennifer Anniston and Sandra Bullock attribute their recent weight loss and improvement in appearance to the Zone diet. However, in the midst of all of the hype, we must testify the claims and assess the degree to which this diet is indeed effective. Further, considering that Dr. Sears advice contradicts what we have been told for years about dieting, we must determine if it is healthy. Could we have been misinformed when given advice to eat a diet cryptical in carbohydrates, or is this diet another that falls short of what it promises? THE ZONE AND ITS PURPOSEDr. Barry Sears, Ph.D., is responsible for the development of The Zone nutrition concept, which is based upon 15 years of his research in the field of bio-nutrition. It was guided by the same science that won the 1982 Nobel Prize for Medicine dealing with the research of eicosanoids. The term Zone is an expression used by athletes to describe a near-euphoric state of maximum physical, mental and psychological effect (http//www.nutrition... ...igh meat diets and cancer risk. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 58(2)243-8, whitethorn 1999. Holm, L et.al. Randomized trial on protein vs carbohydrate in ad libitum fat reduced diet for the treatment of obesity. International Jo urnal of Obesity. 23(5)528-36, May 1999. Katan, MB. High-oil compared to low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets in the prevention of ischemic heart disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 66974-979, Oct. 1997 Miller, SI and Wolfe, RR. Physical exercise as a modulator of adaptation to low and high carbohydrate and low and high fat intakes. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 53112-9, Apr. 1999 Panhuysen, G. et.al. Does carbohydrate-rich, protein-poor food prevent a deterioration of mood and cognitive performance of stress-prone subjects when subjected to a stressful task? Appetite. (1)49-65, Aug. 1998.

GRENDEL THE SAVAGE :: essays papers

GRENDEL THE SAVAGE Portraying adolescents as false tragic heroes has been a theme explored in literature throughout the twentieth century. In John Gardners Grendel, the protagonist Grendel, portrayed as a parentless adolescent seeking guidance, finds happiness in violence. Grendel continually commits the ultimate act of evilness, murder on Hrothgars mead hall. Gardner creates a character and an environment in, which the reader moldiness feel sorrow for Grendel, in rear to have fulfillment by the end of the resolution. However, Gardner uses Grendel and writing in general as tool to communicate his liberal philosophies to a wider audience making it rough to weep over Grendels death. Grendel is not a misguided youth he is a monster who willingly takes part in his death by indulging himself in violence. In Grendel, the protagonist spends his ephemeral life attacking Hrothgars mead hall, and Grendel takes the lives of Hrothgars men during the raids. When Grendel encounters the dragon, Grendel turns into a barbaric machine, by and by his self-realization. After the dragon, Grendel begins his disputatious war with Hrothgar. The attacks on Hrothgar are essentially a deranged pastime for Grendel. After the attacks, Grendel feels some remorse, although this could merely be a biological reaction to the tyranny. level if Grendel feels remorse, it is still no excuse to slaughter. If Grendels attacks are agent of survival, then he must surely realize his death is necessary. Grendel returns to the mead hall repeatedly, even after the scenes of sick compassion. Grendels regrets only last long enough for the reader to see another side of him. The side of remorse and regret speedily disappears as he feels the hunger of death again. Grendel is a three dimensional character. At the same time, Grendel can lose his confused frivolous existence and hold up a bloodthirsty killer. Grendel reflects modern troubled youth. He is lost in a corrupt world and consequently t he use of violence is a means of short-term escape. Although we want to see Grendel saved, it is impossible to aid all adolescents in troubled. In addition, if we say Grendels acts are justifiable because he lives in distasteful world, we are also saying it is justifiable for a drug dealer to deal out drugs. In order to maintain balance in civilization, we must have equal shares of compassion and common sense. Common sense tells us children are not products of their environment.

Free College Admissions Essays: Attending School in the United States :: College Admissions Essays

MyDream of Attending School in the United States Few spate handle death well my family is no exception. We were sitting in our living room and discussing my future educational plans, whether I would study in the US or not, when the phone rang. As my draw hung up the phone, I saw her trembling, trying hard not to cry. She sat on the couch and explained what happened. Grandfather had called to tell us that he carried my grandmother to the hospital because of a critical situation. We knew that she didnt feel well, entirely nobody thought the situation could become this serious. For a moment, I read the noticeable signs of guilt in my mothers eyes because she was 400 km away when my grandmother needed her. The coming days were not easy for us. My mother went to look later on my grandmother at the hospital. Although my father tried hard to fill my mothers place, he had to concentrate on his business also. We were waiting for a promising word from the doctors, but we received no p ositive feedback. They said that they would try chemotherapy but that they couldnt promise success. The cancer might destroy her. Meanwhile, the time was shortening. I had to choose between staying in my country or expiry to the US the mysterious and fascinating place whose pictures and maps decorated my room. The chemotherapy might last an entire year, and my mother had to stay with my grandparents through this subroutine since she was their only child. That meant that my mother wouldnt be with us for one whole year and somebody had to take care of the housework. Since my father needed to support the family by going to his job regularly, I had to stay home to help both him and my little sister. With this responsibility, I couldnt selfishly leave my family to study in the US. My mother painfully watched her mother become emaciated as the cancer advanced day by day, so I had to be there for her.

Free College Admissions Essays: Attending School in the United States :: College Admissions Essays

MyDream of Attending School in the United States a couple of(prenominal) people handle death well my family is no exception. We were sitting in our living room and discussing my future educational plans, whether I would study in the US or not, when the phone rang. As my mother hung up the phone, I saw her trembling, trying hard not to cry. She sat on the couch and explained what happened. Grandfather had called to secernate us that he carried my grandmother to the hospital because of a critical situation. We knew that she didnt feel well, but nobody thought the situation could become this serious. For a moment, I subscribe the noticeable signs of guilt in my mothers eyes because she was 400 km away when my grandmother needed her. The coming days were not easy for us. My mother went to encounter after my grandmother at the hospital. Although my father tried hard to fill my mothers place, he had to concentrate on his business also. We were waiting for a promising script from t he doctors, but we received no positive feedback. They said that they would try chemotherapy but that they couldnt promise success. The cancer might destroy her. Meanwhile, the time was shortening. I had to choose amidst staying in my country or going to the US the mysterious and fascinating place whose pictures and maps decorated my room. The chemotherapy might last an entire year, and my mother had to stay with my grandparents with this process since she was their only child. That meant that my mother wouldnt be with us for one whole year and somebody had to take care of the housework. Since my father needed to support the family by going to his job regularly, I had to stay home to help both him and my little sister. With this responsibility, I couldnt selfishly leave my family to study in the US. My mother painfully watched her mother become emaciated as the cancer advanced day by day, so I had to be there for her.

Marketing and Britannia Essay

The story of one of Indias favorite brands reads almost like a fairy tale. Once upon a time, in 1892 to be minute, a biscuit company was started in a nondescript house in Calcutta (now Kolkata) with an initial investment of Rs. 295. The company we all know as Britannia today. The beginnings might pass been humble-the dreams were anything but. By 1910, with the advent of electricity, Britannia mechanized its operations, and in 1921, it became the first company east of the Suez Canal to use imported gas ovens. Britannias business was flourishing.But, more importantly, Britannia was getting a reputation for quality and value. As a result, during the tragic World War II, the Government reposed its trust in Britannia by contracting it to supply declamatory quantities of service biscuits to the armed forces. As time moved on, the biscuit market continued to grow and Britannia grew along with it. In 1975, the Britannia cookie Company took over the dissemination of biscuits from Parrys who till now distributed Britannia biscuits in India. In the subsequent public issue of 1978, Indian grantholding crossed 60%, firmly establishing the Indianness of the firm.The following year, Britannia Biscuit Company was re-christened Britannia Industries Limited (BIL). Four years later in 1983, it crossed the Rs. 100 crores revenue mark. On the operations front, the company was making equally self-propelled strides. In 1992, it celebrated its Platinum Jubilee. In 1997, the company unveiled its new corporate identity Eat Healthy, Think Better and made its first maraud into the dairy products market. In 1999, the Britannia Khao, World Cup Jao promotion further fortified the affinity consumers had with Brand Britannia.Britannia strode into the 21st Century as one of Indias biggest brands and the pre-eminent aliment brand of the country. It was equally recognized for its innovative approach to products and marketing the Lagaan Match was voted Indias most successful promotional activity of the year 2001 while the delightful Britannia 50-50 Maska-Chaska became Indias most successful product launch. In 2002, Britannias New Business Division formed a joint venture with Fonterra, the worlds entropy largest Dairy Company, and Britannia New Zealand Foods Pvt. Ltd. was born.In recognition of its vision and accelerating graph, Forbes Global rated Britannia One amongst the Top 200 Small Companies of the World, and The Economic Times pegged Britannia Indias 2nd Most Trusted Brand. Today, more than a century after those tentative first steps, Britannias fairy tale is not only going strong but blazing new standards, and that miniscule initial investment has grown by leaps and bounds to crores of rupees in wealth for Britannias shareholders. The companys offerings are spread across the spectrum with products ranging from the healthy and economical Tiger biscuits to the more lifestyle-oriented Milkman Cheese.This is because NutriChoice pillage forbidden is sweetene d with Sucralose, derived from sugar, which provides the same sweetness as any other biscuit, without the added calories of sugar. This range is on tap(predicate) in 3 delicious variants namely Lifetime, Chocolate cream, and Orange cream, targeted towards all health sensitive people. It is also relevant for consumers with sugar related ailments. Customers are agreeably delighted with its great taste and equally surprised to know that it has no added sugar. Dont be taken for a ride when you read Sugar Free label on many biscuit packs marketed in India or abroad.Even with 100% no-added sugar, wheat-cereals in biscuits have their own natural sugar content. Britannia has chosen to represent these biscuits with No Added Sugar claim, as there is no added sugar in the processing of NutriChoice SugarOut. Britannia 50-50 spice up Chakkar The launch of the latest 50-50 variant left everybody gibe What it eez? From TV ads, radio, outdoor and in-store display materials to events, a website and SMS and email blasts, traditional and new media were blended synergistically to create excitement and curiosity about the unique taste of the biscuit.The lemony and distinctive pepper flavoured biscuit, thats thin and crispy and more like a snack, caught the imagination of a younger audience craving something to nibble on. The 50-50 Pepper Chakkar launch is truly a case of leveraging the marketing mix to best advantage. Biscuits derive its name from a French word meaning double backed bread Biscuits in general have a good shelf life, which is higher than all other snack items available in the market. India is the second largest producer of biscuits in the world after the U. S. A. but still the per capita consumption is only 2. kg/year of developed countries. As per the latest survey through with(p) by N. C. A. E. R. , 49 biscuits are consumed in rural areas.The incursion of biscuits into households stands at an average of 83. 2% with the rural penetration at 77% and urban pe netration at 88%. Biscuits are reserved for the small scale arena but there are strong possibilities of the industry being deserved in line with the government policy of liberalization. The net effect thus would be greater choice for the consumer as well as a check on the costs. The country production of the biscuits during 2004-05 was 18. Lac tons of which 1/2 were manufactured by the organized sector.The industry turn over was 5322. 7 Crores of which organized sector contributed 2519. 3 crores. Britannia, makers of Britannia biscuits, doubled capacity from 25 tonnes a day to 50 tonnes and plans to be a national brand soon. In an aggressive mode, the North dominated biscuit player has increased its ad budget to Rs. 5 crore this year from Rs. 3 crore last year. Britannia has also recently invested about Rs. 5 crore in the modernization and involution of its production and packing its production capacity of 40 tonnes per day to 100 tonnes per day by next year.The aim to take the cu rrent turnover of Rs. 50 crore to Rs. 100 crore by the year. The low priced brand claims to have a 15 per cent market share in the North and is aggressively eyeing a bigger bite of the Rs. 2,500 crore biscuit industries. The brand plans to gain a 40 per cent market share in the North by the year of. The companys strategy has been to attract new consumer segments and widen its consumer base with its well packaged low priced offerings. Britannias success has also come from its formidable.The applicability of various stigmatisation strategies play crucial role in arketing in product. the applicability has grown due to the liberalization, competition and technological changes taking place in corporate world. In this project the various branding strategies adopted by the company has been studied and compared on the basis of current market scenario. It gives the idea about the market share enjoyed by the different companies in the Biscuit Industry. It provides the adequate coverage of man y issues related to biscuit industry. The objective of this report is to give the market share of Britannia biscuits in the Indian capital (New Delhi).It has been made possible by knowing the consumers behaviour and by studying the patterns adopted by the retailers. It gives us very precise view about the existing demand of Britannia biscuits and demand of their products as compared to other competitors. It also highlights the changing market trends and consumer preferences, why they have shifted from finally pack to sacking pack. The annual growth rate of the industry is about 12. 5%. However, the growth of cream biscuits, assorted or special variety is the range of 30-40%.The organized sector consists of large, medium and small scale biscuit manufacturers who produce packed biscuits. The major players in this sector are Britannia, Bakemans, and Parle, etc. the unorganized sector comprises of small bakehouse units, cottage and household type manufacturing plants. These units dist ribute their biscuits in the surrounding vicinity of their manufacturing locations of say 20-50 kms. The country production of biscuits during 2005-06 is estimated to be about 19. 5 lack tons. Out of which 1/2 again is expected from unorganized sector.

Montessori Method

What does this term Normalization mean? Normalization is a term that causes a great deal of confusion and some business among many naked as a jaybird Montessori Parents. Normalization is indeed not the best choice of words It suggests that we are going to help children who are not normal to come normal. This is definitely not what Maria Montessori meant. Normalization is Montessoris name for the process that civilises place in Montessori classrooms around the world, through which young children learn to focus their intelligence, cut down their energies for long periods, and take tremendous satisfaction from their work.In his book, Maria Montessori Her Life and Work, E. M. Standing described the following characteristics of normalization in the child between the sequence of three and six A love of order A love of work Profound spontaneous concentration Attachment to reality Love of muteness and of working alone Sublimation of the possessive instinct Obedience Independe nce and initiative Spontaneous ego-discipline Joy The power to act from real choice and not just from idle curiosityKay Futrell in her classic little book, The Normalized Child, describes Dr. Montessoris amazement when the 60 frightened and ill-disciplined inner-city children of her first Childrens House began to respond to the new environment. What followed externalisemed incredible even to Dr. Montessori, for the deprived children blossomed under this freedom, and the possibility of doing work suited to their adopts. They revealed to her not only their enormous capacity for intellectual accomplishment, but a alien character of sweetness and serenity.They displayed a truly uncorrupted spirit, scorning rewards and punishment, and finding their joy in the prodigious work which involved them. They came from these labours refreshed, as from a creative experience, and as they worked, they grew in inner discipline and peace. The sight of these children, who displayed the truly nor mal characteristics of childhood, was the force which motivated Maria Montessori for the remainder of her life.This secret of childhood she pursued with great vitality, and from her unfailing observations and efforts, evolved her perception of the childs psychic personality. As she travelled from country to country, lecturing, training teachers, helping to establish school after school, this same phenomenon was observed wherever conditions promoting its growth were perfectly realized. This normalized child is the image which Montessori teachers keep uppermost in their minds. This is what we are striving for, what we hope to achieve.However, this child get out only appear if we religiously prepare ourselves and our classrooms and if we can build on the proper preparation in the childs home. Normalization is another word for what we call Montessoris glad Scholars What Outcomes Can We Look for If We Give Our Child a Montessori Education? Here are eight primary aspects we normally f ind in children who have large(p) up with a Montessori education Academic Preparation Montessori prepares students both for higher education and for life.On an academic level, Montessori helps students attain skills that allow them to become independently cognitive process gravids and life-long learners. Intrinsic Motivation Innate desire drives Montessori children to engage in activities for enjoyment and satisfaction. Internalized Ground Rules and the Ability to Work with External Authority Montessori students are normally comfortable with ground rules that set the boundaries for their interactions within the school community.Because these ground rules become internalized, Montessori students normally learn to behave appropriately whether or not teachers are present. Social office Montessori children tend to be quite sensitive to the rights and needs of others. They tend to make a positive contribution to their community. Autonomy Montessori students tend to become self -directed, composed and virtuously independent. Confidence and Competence Montessori students tend to become reassured, competent, self-reflective, and, thereby, successful.They are generally not afraid of failure and learn from mistakes. Creativity and Originality of Thought Montessori students normally become confident in expressing their own ideas and creativity. They recognize the value of their own work, respect the creative process of others and are willing to share their ideas regardless of the risk of rejection. Montessori students tend to take great satisfaction in self-expression. Spiritual Awareness Montessori students are often exceptionally compassionate, empathetic, and sensitive to the natural world and the human condition.Montessori MethodDiscipline traditionally it is felt up that if we want to have disciplined children then we must exert some liberal of control over them so that in the end they prorogue to our splendid strength and adopt our way of acting. We do not expect self discipline to arise spontaneously in children we tend to think it is something that we need to get down on a child. Of course if we set limits for desired behaviour and we make sure the child stays rigidly within these limits then what we will see superficially is a child that does as he is told. But this is not self discipline this is the kind of discipline that disappears as soon as the adult exerting their will disappears. Maria Montessori hoped for so much more than this. . Montessori said that if we want to help children develop into self disciplined adults then we need to abide the kind of environment that will help the child to create a strong will when self control is born within the child and is not obligate externally it is a lasting discipline that will stay with him through his life. ook at the traditional view of discipline and contrast it with the way in which self discipline is developed according to the principles of Maria Montessori. I t will be of interest to all who would like to understand more about the apparent Montessori contradiction in terms that self discipline can be nurtured by granting the child freedom. As Maria Montessori says One of the greatest difficulties in securing discipline lies in the fact that it cannot be obtained just with words Discipline is therefore attained indirectly, that is, by developing activity in spontaneous work. Everyone must learn how to control himself and how to engage in quiesce and silent activity, for no other purpose than that of keeping alive that inner flame on which life depends. Montessori MethodDiscipline Traditionally it is felt that if we want to have disciplined children then we must exert some kind of control over them so that in the end they bow to our superior strength and adopt our way of acting. We do not expect self discipline to arise spontaneously in children we tend to think it is something that we need to impose on a child. Of course if we set li mits for desired behaviour and we make sure the child stays rigidly within these limits then what we will see superficially is a child that does as he is told. But this is not self discipline this is the kind of discipline that disappears as soon as the adult exerting their will disappears. Maria Montessori hoped for so much more than this. . Montessori said that if we want to help children develop into self disciplined adults then we need to provide the kind of environment that will help the child to create a strong will when self control is born within the child and is not imposed externally it is a lasting discipline that will stay with him through his life. ook at the traditional view of discipline and contrast it with the way in which self discipline is developed according to the principles of Maria Montessori. It will be of interest to all who would like to understand more about the apparent Montessori contradiction that self discipline can be nurtured by granting the chi ld freedom. As Maria Montessori says One of the greatest difficulties in securing discipline lies in the fact that it cannot be obtained simply with words Discipline is therefore attained indirectly, that is, by developing activity in spontaneous work. Everyone must learn how to control himself and how to engage in calm and silent activity, for no other purpose than that of keeping alive that inner flame on which life depends.

Deutche Bank

9-205-059 REV APRIL 26, 2005 GEORGE CHACKO PETER HECHT VINCENT DESSAIN ANDERS SJOMAN Deutsche Bank finding Relative-Value Trades It was the third hebdomad of August 2003, and Jamil Baz, head of Deutsche Banks obdu valuate Income look for Group, gathered his look for group for a morning meeting. So, what are the markets telling us at present? he asked the group. Are there any trends or news for new trade ideas? The Fixed Income Research Group that Baz led was Deutsche Banks national research and development (R&D) department for firm income instruments.Their mandate was to look for untapped assess crossways bond markets and interest rate derivatives. Long-term-oriented research findings were presented to clients, whereas immediate opportunities were suggested as trades to internal traders as head as clients. The success of the group was in part amount of moneyd by how many of their trade suggestions actually turned into booming trades. So far, they had achieved an impress ive 75% success rate. A natural place to start looking for new trades was the latest prices on dissimilar U.S. Treasury bonds (see disclose 1 for data from August 15, 2003). The groups members consistently went through that data set, looking for possible trades to recommend. Typically relative-value trades took two long and short positions across different parts of the yield foreshorten. Bazs standard weekly question just emphasized what they all knew that it was time to scour through the numbers iodin more time to see if any much(prenominal) positions were available. The Deutsche Bank Fixed Income Research Group trainquartered in Deutsche Banks London office, the companys Fixed Income Research Group consisted of about 50 analysts and strategists. (An additional 10 were located in the banks New York offices. ) Global head of Fixed Income Research and in charge of the group was Baz, a managing director with Deutsche Bank since 2001. Previously at Lehman Brothers in London, Baz similarly held an M. S. in management from MIT and a Ph. D. in wrinkle economics from Harvard University. As a part of a large financial institution, the research group was under constant pressure to monetize the ideas that they generated.The group presented its findings both internally to the ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Professors George Chacko and Peter Hecht, Executive Director of the HBS Europe Research Center Vincent Dessain, and Research Associate Anders Sjoman prepared this case. This case deals with trade-specific advice activities of a research department and draws firmly from Deutsche Bank Discussing the Equity Risk Premium, HBS Case No. 205-040, by the same authors. Case No. 205-040 deals with macro-level advice from the same research department.Some names and data admit been mask for confidentiality. HBS cases are developed solely as the basis for class discussion. Cases are not i ntended to serve as endorsements, sources of primary data, or illustrations of effective or ineffective management. This case is not intended as financial advice, and it should not be used as the basis for any investment decision, in totally or in part. Copyright 2004 President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685, write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http//www. bsp. harvard. edu. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any meanselectronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwisewithout the permission of Harvard Business School. 205-059 Deutsche Bank determination Relative-Value Trades Deutsche Bank traders, as swell up as outside(a)ly to Deutsche Bank clients at the CEO, CFO, and Treasury level. Baz explained how the ideas were pitched The final goal is to create a fra nchise with fixed income clients.So, for clients on the asset side, such as mutual funds, hedge funds, insurance companies, and pension plans, we help them generate high returns on their assets. We give specific ideas to be executed by the clientshopefully with us, although that is never certain. However, even if we dont get a trade out of our recommendation, it is important enough that we maintain Deutsche Banks presence at the client. Sometimes we likewise do bespokeor customizedwork, where we analyze their balance sheet and asset-liability mismatches for them, almost like technical financial consulting.In general, research alone result not give us clients, but research combined with pricing are the keys to building long-lasting relationships with external clients. Overall, we strive to push the frontiers of analytical pay when it comes to modeling interest rates, volatilities, and spreads. Owing to data availability and an intimate exposure to institutional market realities, w e are often pushed to reach results ahead of academic pay journals. On a group level, Deutsche Bank organized its fixed income activities in the global markets around three main pillars investor coverage, issuer coverage, and research.The trading desks dealing in these areas were in turn divided into two groups credit (with credit trading/credit derivatives, new issue syndicate, asset securitization, and emerging markets) and rates (with foreign exchange, money markets, fixed income, and interest rate derivatives). The research efforts of the group were set up to match these organizational divisions. The Fixed Income Research Group was one of several research groups (as shown in Exhibit 2). All these groups were run under the banner of Global Markets Research.Research as a whole was headed by David Folkerts-Landau. Demand for direct meetings with Deutsche Banks research groups had grown over the past few historic period, taken internally as a sign of increased respect for the bank s research output. In the last year, Bazs group alone had logged over 1,500 client meetings. All clients had access to the Deutsche Bank research in papers and newsletters that were available online. Internal traders excessively benefited from the research, which was a major influence behind much of the banks proprietaryor proptrading.Most members of the research group shared their time amidst external clients and traders, with more senior staff members working more with external clients and less with the trading floor. In the end, measuring the research groups value to the organization was still difficult. Said Baz Putting a value on the work we do, and the effect we have on the bank, is very hard. In detail, if you were to really measure it by attributing sales and trades back to us, the trading floor would be more reluctant to work with us. Instead, we are mostly evaluated by top management on three other factors.Firstly, overall market direction, which is how much of rate and spread moves did we catch in our advice. Secondly, the relative-value trades we originated. Thirdly, any customized business we have brought in from our client meetings. recompense to the members of the group was tied to the evaluation of the group as a whole. Individual bonuses were then given at the discretion of Baz as the groups manager, base on his qualitative impression of each members contribution. 2 Deutsche Bank Finding Relative-Value Trades 205-059 Strategic Advice and Relative-Value ActivitiesThe groups activities were normally broken carry out into strategic advice on macro trends and relative value. The strategic advice activities built on long-term discussions with clients, where the group presented Deutsche Banks view on macroeconomic trends to external clients. In these discussions, George Cooper, the groups global fixed income strategist, typically did not expect a quick monetary return. Cooper, a Ph. D. graduate in engineering at Durham University with get it o n from both Goldman Sachs and JP Morgan, explained This type of activity does not generate a lot of money from a trade perspective.It generates brand value, though, and is in particular appealing to insurance companies or asset-liability people, who appreciate the long-term view. We believe it serves more of an educational purpose. It gets the fund managers thinking. They are not looking for prescriptive research, where we tell them to do this trade, but they look for interesting ideas. Of course, they then weigh our ideas against whatever Goldman Sachs or Morgan Stanley are saying. Our role is to come up with hopefully insightful but also informative new ways to look at things.By contrast, the relative-value activities looked for more immediate opportunities by comparing different instruments and then recommending various trading strategies to clients and internal traders. Head of Relative Value Research for Europe was Jean Dumas, an engineer from ESME SUDRIA in France with a spec ialization in finance, who had worked with Relative Value Research for Deutsche Bank in Paris, Frankfurt, and Sydney before moving to London. Dumas explained his work We come up with different types of trades all the time.The trade opportunities may be there for a week or two, sometimes longer. I look at different spreadsheets, listen to what traders are saying, watch the news, study different models. . . . Then I try to put everything togetherand curtly there is a trade opportunity. Our job is really grabbing things that dont seem to be related at first and see if there is a trade to be done. The trade opportunities that the research group identified were published weekly in the newsletter Deutsche Bank Fixed Income Weekly, which was distributed to Deutsche Bank traders as well as to clients.A frequent contributor to the newsletter was Dr. Nikan B. Firoozye, head of Global Quantitative Strategies and a Ph. D. graduate in mathematics from Courant Institute at New York University wi th experience from Alliance Capital, Sanford C. Bernstein, and Lehman Brothers. Firoozye explained I write a piece on Euroland strategy every week where we suggest trades. Some of these are big trades that we dont change very often, such as curve-steepening trades. We can have the same trade off and on for a full year. We also summarize economic data as it impacts the bond markets.For instance, how structured trades could be influenced by the move in dollar versus yen, and how you should position for that. In his role as head of Euroland Strategy, Firoozye also oversaw all strategic investments in Euroland bond markets. He was also involved in all modeling issues and wrote stand-alone papers on quantitative strategy. tone for a Relative-Value Trade For the research group, one way to find relative-value trades was to compare the prices of traded securities against the prices that the group thought the securities should trade at. This subjective view 205-059 Deutsche Bank Finding Rel ative-Value Trades was establish on a proprietary model developed at Deutsche Bank. (Most banks used proprietary models as a base from which to evaluate the prices of traded securities. ) The models were built on the fact that the returns offered by fixed income instruments could be characterized by the yields that they offered. The yield was roughly seen as payment for the risk borne by the holder of that security. There were many sources of risk in fixed income securities, such as interest rate risk, credit risk, and prepayment risk.Also, the yield of an instrument could be broken down into components. The components could be thought of as compensation for the different sources of risk. So, for example, the yield on a corporate bond could be thought of as being composed of a risk-free yield electropositive a credit spread. The risk-free yield represented compensation for interest rate risk in the bond, while the credit spread represented compensation for default risk in the bon d. 1 To understand the compensation for the interest rate risk alone, banks typically constructed yield-curve models. These were models for the yields on zero-coupon Treasury securities, since Treasury instruments typically contained only interest rate risk. exercises for the yield curve could be then used to compare the current and expected prices of U. S. Treasury instruments. 2 The research group at Deutsche Bank had developed their own proprietary yield-curve model, a so-called three-factor affine model (see Exhibit 3 for a conceptual description of the model). Firoozye explained the fundaments of the model We have three factors driving the yield curve that we see as homogeneous to the economy.In an economy, there is inflation, output gaps, and short rates. So first among our factors is a long rate, which is analogous to inflation. It is the slowest mean reverting of our three factors. In the fifties inflation was low, in the 7ties it was extremely high, and now it is back d own again. It takes 20 years to go through its cycle. It is very slow, very persistent, whereas the business cycle is much, much faster. You go through a business cycle in about seven years. So slope, our second factor, is then the measure of output gap. Slope mean reverts much more quickly than inflation.The third factor is the short rate, which mean reverts the fastest. by and by estimating the variables of the three-factor model, the team calibrated the model to price the one-month, two-year, and 10-year zero-coupon bond. After Bazs request at the weekly meeting, the analysts now used the latest numbers on various U. S. Treasury bonds to update and calibrate the model (see Exhibit 4 for the resulting output from Deutsche Banks model). The idea was to then compare the actual zero-coupon yield curve against the predicted ones coming out of the model and see if any trade ideas presented themselves.In fact, several trades seemed to come out of that comparison. Baz and the team now h ad to pick the trades with the highest profit potential. 1 It should be noted that the notion of compensation here is approximate. The yield on a zero-coupon corporate bond is not the expected return of that bond. It is simply the promised return of that bond, or the return an investor would get if the bond did not default. Starting with this promised return and then factoring in the probability of default and a default risk subvention leads to the expected return for that bond. More generally, yield-curve models could be used to price any interest rate-sensitive security. For example, the pricing of interest rate options starts with a yield-curve model. 4 Deutsche Bank Finding Relative-Value Trades 205-059 Exhibit 1 Prices and Coupon Rates of Various U. S. Treasury Bonds on August 15, 2003 Coupon Rate (%) 3 2. 125 1. 5 6. 5 5. 625 2. 375 6. 25 3. 25 3 3. 25 5. 5 6 6. 5 5. 75 5 5 4. 875 4. 375 3. 875 4. 25 13. 25 12. 5 11. 25 10. 625 9. 25 7. 5 8. 75 8. 875 9. 125 9 8. 875 8. 125 8 . 5 8. 75 7. 875 8. 25 8 7. 25 7. 125 6. 25 7. 5 7. 5 7. 625 6. 875 6 6. 75 6. 625 6. 375 6. 125 5. 5 5. 25 6. 125 Maturity Date 2/15/2004 8/15/2004 2/15/2005 8/15/2005 2/15/2006 8/15/2006 2/15/2007 8/15/2007 2/15/2008 8/15/2008 2/15/2009 8/15/2009 2/15/2010 8/15/2010 2/15/2011 8/15/2011 2/15/2012 8/15/2012 2/15/2013 8/15/2013 2/15/2014 8/15/2014 2/15/2015 8/15/2015 2/15/2016 8/15/2016 2/15/2017 8/15/2017 2/15/2018 8/15/2018 2/15/2019 8/15/2019 2/15/2020 8/15/2020 2/15/2021 8/15/2021 2/15/2022 8/15/2022 2/15/2023 8/15/2023 2/15/2024 8/15/2024 2/15/2025 /15/2025 2/15/2026 8/15/2026 2/15/2027 8/15/2027 2/15/2028 8/15/2028 2/15/2029 8/15/2029 Current Price 101. 0544 100. 9254 99. 8942 109. 0934 108. 438 99. 7848 111. 7184 101. 0841 99. 1692 99. 271 109. 7707 112. 145 114. 9084 110. 3894 105. 2934 104. 7607 103. 4391 99. 2806 95. 0288 97. 7693 174. 3251 168. 9389 157. 0552 152. 4222 140. 0135 123. 3044 136. 0598 137. 504 140. 792 139. 9079 138. 7431 130. 7162 135. 2938 138. 3466 128. 49 95 131. 7341 130. 4736 121. 58 120. 1744 109. 4538 125. 46 125. 4466 127. 1477 117. 5509 106. 3626 116. 1986 114. 7086 111. 036 108. 0391 99. 633 96. 2876 108. 4062 Source Adapted by casewriter from Datastream. 5 205-059 Deutsche Bank Finding Relative-Value Trades Exhibit 2 Deutsche Bank Global Markets Research Organization Global Head COO and Co-Head Global political economy Global Strategist Foreign supercede Securitization Index Development Regional Heads Asia/ Pacific Germany Strategy Fixed Income/ Relative Value Research Emerging Markets Credit Credit (High Grade Credit Research) Economics Global US Europe Emerging Markets Source Deutsche Bank. Exhibit 3 Deutsche Banks Zero-Coupon Yield Model Key variables Short rate, slope, and long rate (or short rate, output gap, and inflation) Model specified by a system of equations (in Q measure) Long rate mean reverts slowly (possibly to nonzero mean) dX t= ( X ? k X X t) dt + ? X dWt X Slope mean reverts faster (to zero) d Yt = ? kY Yt dt + ? Y dWt Y X t + Yt ? rt = 0 In equilibrium short rate, rt, follows the level Xt+Yt (an analogue of the Taylor rule) Short rate mean reverts fast in order to restore the equilibrium drt = k r ( X t + Yt ? rt ) dt + ? r dWt rSource Adapted by casewriter from Quantitative Models for Fixed Income, Deutsche Bank presentation, October 2003. 6 Deutsche Bank Finding Relative-Value Trades 205-059 Exhibit 4 Output from Deutsche Banks Zero-Coupon Yield Model Model Prediction (BEY) 1. 2443% 1. 8727% 2. 4110% 2. 9665% 3. 4454% 3. 8557% 4. 1996% 4. 4677% 4. 6528% 4. 7107% 5. 7160% 5. 9517% 5. 9315% Maturity (years) 1y 2y 3y 4y 5y 6y 7y 8y 9y 10y 15y 20y 25y Source Note Adapted by casewriters from Deutsche Bank information. The yields in this table are bond equivalent yields (BEY), that is, the semiannual yield multiplied by two. 7

Slave Trade

History Hon. Document Based Question Essay For years people have blamed Europeans of the Early Modern Period for slavery, when real it was not. At the very beginning of it all(a), lies the African businessman of the Early Modern Period. He just wants to make money, even if that means selling his own kind. That is the mathematical function people in history today forget, that Africans were sold by their own blood. Europeans during this time were searching for wealth gold, silver, cotton, tobacco, etc. What they lacked was the workforce to harvest all these items.The government or Gobroon Dynasty, our businessmen, seized the opportunity that was in front of them. Essentially, the Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa really boomed between 1650 and 1850 when the demand for slaves seemed to increase daily, tally the Journal of African History. Acquiring slaves had gone from peaceful and civilized to aggressive and militarized. As stated in the Cambridge University press in 2000, soci ety had found it refreshing to raid for supplies that could be used to buy slaves and slaves only.The blame for Slavery can be placed on the natural human desire for wealth and power, which is fundamentally greed. When a human has the desire for wealth, they will try to obtain it by any means necessary. Even if a human has to sell their own mannequin and blood, the only thing that matters is wealth. The participation of Africans in slave trade was voluntary Europeans could have gotten their slaves from China or India or Mexico or anywhere else with an abundant workforce. In compliance with the Cambridge University Press in 1992, Europeans did not force the African attractions to sell slaves they made that choice on their own.The mainstream view of slavery is what went on in the plantations of southern America, what usually does not get as much attention is what the Africans went through before they set foot on the boat. More than often, the enslaved Africans would spend an fair of 11 weeks aboard the ship before living the inhumane life of a slave for the rest of their existence, according to The Cost of Coercion African direction in the Pre-Modern Atlantic World written by Stephen D. Behrendt, David Eltis and David Richardson. That point of the process is crucial in determining how the slave would be treated during the trip and on the plantation.For example, if a slave was to lead a revolt while sailing aboard the ship, the slave trader could make sure that when the time comes to sell the leader of the revolt, he would be sold to a very cruel master. In accordance to recent articles, views of the Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa be starting to shift toward the very root of the industry. People are not so much looking at what happened in the United States of America entirely mostly at things up until that point. After reviewing all the articles, I can see how important what happened before the boat ride is important.

Prejudice in “To Kill a Mockingbird” by Harper Lee Essay

Throughout the novel To overcome a Mockingbird, many different prejudices are revealed. The most prominent being the racial prejudice amongst the blanched hoi polloi and macabre community in Maycomb, Alabama during the 1930s. However, there are many more subtle and discreet prejudices against other people in Maycomb, also.One of the first prejudices to become known is against the Cunninghams. The Cunninghams are a very poor farming family who were hit hard by the Great Depression. The Cunninghams never took anything they great dealt pay back no church baskets and no scrimp stamps. They never took anything off anybody, they get along on what they amaze. They dont have much, but they get along on it. Scout explains to Miss Caroline, their first grade teacher, on page 20. The Cunninghams were hit hardest by the Depression and because of their level of beggary the Cunninghams are discriminated against. The thing is, you can scrub Walter Cunningham till he shines, you can put hi m in shoes and a new suit, but hell never be like Jem. Aunt Alexandra explains to Scout on page 224. Aunt Alexandra does not want Scout associating with Walter Cunningham simply because of his class. Aunt Alexandra is discriminating against the Cunninghams because they are infra the Finches on the social strata.Probably the most prominent prejudice in the novel is the racial prejudice. Tom Robinson was a black man who was accused of raping Mayella Ewell, a white girl. When Tom was put in jail awaiting trial, Atticus, his lawyer, went down one night and sat outside the jailhouse. A mob showed up that night with the sprightliness to beat Tom Robinson but with Atticus there, the mob was stalled and eventually left. This mob was consumed with racial prejudice against the black people. Even Calpurnia, the black housekeeper for the Finches, is discriminated against.Although Calpurnia is treated fairly, it is obvious Calpurnia is considered to be on a lower social level than the Finches. Calpurnia calls Scout maam and Jem sir, although these are titles usually reserved for elders. An example of this is on page 207. Calpurnia addresses Jem afterward they have been missing at the trial all day with Hush your mouth, sir When you oughta be hangin your head in shame you go along laughin. If Mr. Finch dont wear you out, I will get in that house, sirThough it seems that the blacks are the ones who are prejudiced against, when Jem and Scout are taken to Calpurnias church, (their black house-keeper) the black people show hostility towards Jem and Scout. Lula, a black woman at the church confronts Calpurnia on page 119. You aint got no business bringin white chillun herethey got their church, we got ourn. Because the whites shun the blacks the blacks are prejudiced in return.Another prejudice that comes to light is the prejudice against Dolphus Raymond. Dolphus is a wealthy white man but is a victim of isolation because of his relationship with a woman who is black. When S cout meets Mr. Dolphus Raymond during the trial Scout becomes aware that Dolphus is a victim of prejudice and has become an outcast. Dolphus pretended to be a drunk so he didnt have to explain the fact that he was simply in love with a black woman. The alcohol, Dolphus said, gave the people an excuse to say that Dolphus didnt know what he was doing.On page 200, Dolphus says to Dill and Scout When I come to this town, which is seldom, if I weave a microscopic and drink out of this sack, folks can say Dolphus Raymonds in the clutches of whiskythats why he wont permute his ways. He cant help himself, thats why he lives like he does. The people of Maycomb are intolerant of the way Dolphus chooses to live. Dolphus is discriminated against because he lives his smell with a black woman. This is thought to be wrong in society in Maycomb.Yet another prejudice in Maycomb was that against Arthur Radley. Arthur Radley could see the segregation of the people of Maycomb and the prejudice. at that placefore Arthur isolated himself Arthur didnt want to be a part of Maycombs intolerance. By doing this Arthur became one of the outsiders and was still a victim of the prejudice, as Arthur was different. There were wild rumors circulating the town and the children made up stories and games about Arthur. Because he was virtually unknown, Arthur Radley was discriminated against.The theme of prejudice is explored many ways throughout the novel To Kill a Mockingbird. The different kinds of prejudice explore how deep peopleshatred of each other can go. It gives the reader good insight as to what makes people intolerant and why people shouldnt be prejudiced just because others are different. From discriminating against the poor to racial prejudice to silly rumors render intolerance, very few realize that everyone is different but also equal.

Holden Caulfield

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Know the Health and Safety Policies and Procedures of the Work Setting Essay

CU1512 Contribute to Children and Young Peoples Health and Safety 1. Know the wellness and safety policies and procedures of the work setting 1.2 Identify the lines of responsibility and reporting for wellness and safety in the work setting. In my work setting the responsibility of ensuring that the health and safety is suitable is down to the manager mainly. Although all members of staff should always be aware and checking as well. If a member of staff does find something that is not complying to health and safety indeed said member of staff should then report this to the manager or the deputy manager/room leader if necessary. 1.3 pardon what stake assessment is and how this is managed in the work settings. A risk assessment is set in place for the protection of children, parents and staff from any hazards. Hazards can pass from equipment, any activities done in the babys room, material and going on trips from the nursery.Doing a risk assessment in the nursery setting minimize s the risk of hazards occurring. However, when doing a risk assessment you must also consider childrens development. You dont want the environment to be overly safe be name children need some take aim of risk but these level must be suitable for the child. There are many risks and hazards that can be found in a nursery setting. A risk is something that hasnt yet happened but could potentially and then would become a hazard. A hazard is something that already exists and can already cause harm. In the risk assessment there is a list of things that need to be checked to see if they are hazardous or a risk. If they are, then further actions would need to be taken to prevent either the risk becoming a hazard or the hazard causing any harm. For an example, if it was a cold day and there is a drain pipe running next to an entrance/exit there is a risk of the water good turn to ice therefore this is a risk and the water should either me redirected or a sign to acknowledge other people of the risk. Otherwise this could turn into a hazard. This would happen by the water actually turning into ice, therefore, there is a chance of someone slipping. If this was to happen then the area should be corned dour and a notice put up to make sure people are aware of the situation. To help prevent harm, it is the employees of the work setting responsibility to murder a check list every morning. This could be anything from a broken toy, to a leak or loose flooring. If a hazard or a risk has been found, then the employee must follow the correct procedure to prevent anything happening anybody. Throughout the day, all employees must also continually make checks oddly when going into another setting, such as a garden or leaving the building. If it is a risk or hazard that cant be dealt with by the employee then it must be cornered off so it is restricted and then reported to the health and safety officer.

Alexander the Great from Macedonia Essay

The cuisine of th Middle East has the same similarities as that of the Greeks for many reasons. According to history, horse parsley the Great from Macedonia which is also known as Greece of todays world came to the Middle East in the 300 BC. This brought about many Greco influences into the lives of the Middle East people. Moreover, during the Roman Empire, the Greeks brought sweets and fruits to th region. As a weigh of fact, there has been a continued trade of spices between the two regions that it has become a the spice midsection of the world.At the same time, the religion of the Middle east has a dominant role to play in their food traditions. Christianity in particular came from the Greek tradition. In Israel, the cuisine is considered to be international because of the diverse immigrants in the country. These immigrants range from countries like Greece to Turkey to Spain and to northeast Africa which influenced the way Israelites cook and prepare their food.At the same time , the North African cuisine such as that of Libya, Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia share similarities with most the Arabic tradition because of the Islamic triumph that happened in the 7th century. Most of their cuisines are influenced by the Arabs and the aboriginal peoples of the the region which are called Berbers. In addition, Egypt has deep influence geographically. It is situated in North Africa which carries with it an Arabic tradition and culture.North Africa has always been considered Middle easterly and Mediterranean in nature because of its geographical location. 4. Four of the most famous food in western United States Africa are Yassa, Sauce Canny, Diebou Dien, and Yam. The Yassa is make out of white-livered or lamb with a citrus or a lime in it as a flavoring. It could also be made with fish or vegetables. The saucy Canny is made out of onions, garlics, and shallots which is mainly used as an accompaniment to may of westerly Africas dishes.The Deibou Dien is composed of fresh and dried fish with onions and tomatoes. It also has as many vegetables as contingent such as an eggplant, a manioc, turnips, white radish, cabbage, and carrots. In East Africa, the common foods are Niker Kebboh and Alecha. Niter Kebboh is made up of butter with spices like ginger, garlic, and cinnamon. Alecha on one hand is a stew made of chicken or beef or other kinds of meat. It is accompanied with bread. It is usually dipped into the spicy dishes and once its already soaked up the it is lifted into the mouth. 5.

Farewell: Friendship and Various School Activities Essay

We have gathered here today to bid farewell to the students of standard tenth. I am indeed honored to be given this opportunity to represent the students of standard 9th. Just when we start to acquire comfortable with a person, something comes to alter the recipe. In this context, I would like to mention that for the past few months, the students of standards 9th and 10th have indeed worked genuinely closely together to organize various school activities which have helped us forge close ties of friendship. And now, before we know, its time to say Adieu. The Bible says To of all timeything there is a solid ground and a time to every purpose under heavenYou completely have waited for this moment all your lives, the moment when you leave your childhood behind and step into the real competitive world to forge your avow paths in life. We have counted down the years, the months, the hours, minutes and seconds, and finally, that moment has arrived.Most of you all will miss the very he art of your experience as a student your friends and your teachers. Although all may be separated by time and distance in the interim, nothing will diminish the important role that you have and forever will play in our lives. We wish you happy adventures, fantastic new friendships, amazing experiences and the journey of a lifetime. Richard Bach says, Can miles truly separate you from friends and loved ones? If you want to be with someone arent you already there? May the road rise up to meet you, May the wind be ever at your back. May the sun shine warm upon your face and the rain fall softly on your fields. And until we meet again, may God hold you in the hollow of his hand.

Partners Healthcare Case Question

Portfolio Theory Case (Professor David Moreno) PARTNERS HEALTHCARE CASE The ending of this case is to teach to students the relevance of non traditionalistic assets (as original states or commodities) in a well-diversified portfolio. Moreover, students will be able to practice with the most authorised concepts from portfolio theory as efficient frontier, dominated portfolios, Sharpe ratio, among others. In addition, students argon learning how portfolio theory can be useful not only for portfolio managers but for any family or firm with some funds to manage.To do this case students must work in groups and, at the end, each group must give a printed copy of the purposes to only these questions. Moreover, they should prepare a demonstration in Power Point or Word answering these questions for their presentation on the classroom. Short Questions (You should answer these questions very shortly) 1. How do the hospitals obtain their profits? Why do the hospitals use or need the sem ipermanent Funds? Compute the annual numbers obtained by the LTP between 1995 and 2004 and represent them on a graph.In addition, what has the average return been during that time period? 2. According to the text the physician organizations or hospitals can decorate their financial resources in several centrally-managed pools. What are these pools? How are they? 1 Portfolio Theory Case (Professor David Moreno) 3. The caper presented in the case is a typical problem of portfolio theory. Is it a security selection problem or an asset allocation problem? Explain the differences among them. 4. During the last years the Parthners Investment Comitte have introduced a new asset class, REITs and Commodity Index.Explain these non traditional assets and if in your own opinion they should be interesting or not. Long Questions (in this case you will be considered a portfolio manager trying to explain or to answer to these question in a community or comitte, then use everything you need, com puter, graphs, mathematics,) 1. Suppose different hospitals within the Partners system choose different mixes of the riskfree s.t.p. and the baseline LTP, whose future pass judgment returns and risks are shown in Exhibit 3.On Exhibit 3, plot the returns and risks of the various voltage portfolios that can be formed by allocating funds between the STP and baseline LTP. What shape does a line drawn through these portfolios take? Why? 2. On Exhibit 5, plot the curve for the risks and expected returns of the optimal portfolio combinations in the 4 asset case detailed in Exhibit 6, namely US Equities, Foreign Equities, Bonds, and REITs. Do the identical for the 4 asset case shown in Exhibit 7 US, Foreign, Bonds, and Commodities.Do the same for the 5 asset case detailed in Exhibit 8 US, Foreign, Bonds, REITs, and Commodities. How much does each of the historical assets improve the potential opportunities for the hospitals investing in the LTP? 3. About the results in the previous poin t What are the important factors that determine the degree of improvement when non traditional assets are introduced? 2 Portfolio Theory Case (Professor David Moreno) 4.Consider the hospital that wishes to invest in the STP and the LTP such that the total expected return on the portfolio is 6%. How does the introduction of real assets alter the risk and composition of their most attractive portfolio? 5. Consider the hospital that is fully invested in the LTP with its legitimate standard deviation and wishes to maintain this level of risk. How much does the introduction of real assets help them, if at all? If it was needed consider the possibility of taking short positions. 3

No end to this disgrace in sight! Essay

U. S. Prison Population Soars in 2003, 04 The population of the nations prisons and jails has grown by about 900 inmates each week between mid-2003 and mid-2004, correspond to figures released Sunday by the Bureau of Justice Statistics. By last June 30 the system held 2. 1 one thousand thousand people, or one in every 138 U. S. residents. The increase can be attri merelyed largely to get-tough policies enacted in the mid-eighties and 1990s. Among them argon mandatory drug sentences, three-strikes-and-youre-out laws for repeat offenders and truth-in-sentencing laws that restrict early releases. Many of those incarcerated are not serious or violent offenders, but are low-level drug offenders ABC News, 2005-04-25 Its a rosy futurity for the prisons-for-profit industry. Gregory Palast Gilded Cage Wackenhuts Free Market in Human Misery A garner to Barbara Bush Noam Chomsky The struggle on (Certain) Drugs Lee Rodgers The Duplicity of the War on Drugs Looking at the store evide nce that the Contras and the CIA engaged in cocaine smuggle to fund the covert war in Nicaragua, doubt arises concerning the apparent coincidence that CIA-Contra drug smuggling was contemporaneous with the war on drugs.From a CIA covert implement in Latin America the cocaine has made its way NORTH (ala Oliver North) to the American consumer, who is consistently envisioned as African-American by the mass media, even though the majority of cocaine consumption is by whites. The disturbing prospect arises that this war on drugs was nothing more than CIA-style psychological warfare which sought to lease as much as possible of the sum total of our civil liberties while particularly targeting venialities. Daniel Hopsicker The mystic Heartbeat of America A New Look at the Mena Story.I will never, as persistent as I live, forget our Midnight ride to Mena, seated beside tour guide and American hero Russell Welch. Im convinced that what I saw there that night was a fully functional and operable secret government quickness. By that, I do not mean a secret installation of the government of the United States of America. Unh-uh. What I believe I saw, and what I believe exists in Mena, Arkansas at position is an installation of the secret government that runs the government of the United States of America. And heres what I suspect that today, vast after Oliver North has become nothing but a minor league radio DJ and long after the contra war is however a fading memory of yet another minor league war, our government yours and mine is going about the lucrative worldwide business of drug occupation and distribution. Peter Webster Anatomy of a Fiasco a review of The Swedish Drug Control system of rules As with the understanding of crowd madnesses and ritual persecutions of old, a satisfactory and oecumenic theory of our great current Prohibitionist folly will probably have to await not only the final demise of the madness, but an intervening period of norma lization and healing recuperation lasting perhaps several generations.From the prospect of the distant future, historians may well conclude that the centuries-long phenomenon of Substance Prohibition reached its dizzying peak in the late twentieth Century as a climactic exaggeration ad absurdum of a long-enduring collective delusion and paranoia. unless even if we could, by virtue of a time machine, read such a theory today, the proceed existence of the crowd madness in our midst would certainly preclude any general identification or acceptance of its validity.Thus, although there now exist a few obscure essays which may someday be seen as harbingers of that still-distant revelation, they will probably have minimal influence on the immediate production line of events and we can today do little more than study local details of the Prohibitionist phenomenon and pull up society to look at the ugly and counterproductive results of its obsession in the ongoing attempt at curing th e malady by stages. There seems absolutely no possibility that a great and general truth about Prohibition, no matter how brilliantly expressed, could today awaken Western Civilization from its present nightmare.But in the meanwhile, to assist the growing number of individuals who can see the inevitable if distant fall into place of a new rationality, a wealth of excellent literature exists and continues to grow at a odoriferous pace. Such literature deals with the local details of the Prohibitionist phenomenon in ways which both illustrate its inconsequence and destructiveness to society, and suggests practical if only provisional tactics and strategy for limiting the ravages of Prohibition and tackling the difficult task of ro subprogram the general public to its complicity and participation in a crowd madness of major proportions. Kristianna ThoMas Opium War Britain Stole Hong Kong From China Governments have been behind the drug trade for a long time. illicit so-and-so Dr ops Get Boy a School Suspension from the Los Angeles Times, 1997-11-20 COLORADO SPRINGS, Colo. A 6-year-old boy has been suspended for half(prenominal) a day for bringing drugs to school lemon drops bought in a health food store. The attempt department and an ambulance were called after a teacher found first-grader Seamus Morris giving the candies to a fellow pupil on the playground Oct. 29, said his mother, Shana Morris.She said both boys parents were urged to take their children to the hospital for tests, despite her assurances that the lemon drops were harmless. John Bushey, an administrator at Taylor Elementary School, said the half-day suspension was consistent with the districts drug policy, which treats unfamiliar products as controlled substances. Heres the original Denver Post story. How the U. S. Drug War Plays in the European Media concord to Juan, the US government is chiefly concerned with getting political and economic advantages from the drug trade upper-case letter uses the DEA to pressure other countries politically. At times, the US permits drug trafficking so that it can get information to use to blackmail foreign governments. As the Hopsicker article shows, the U. S. State of Arkansas is one of the murky epicenters of the CIAs smuggling of addictive drugs into America. Finally some light is falling upon the creepie-crawlie characters in this cesspool. The case of Dan Harmon is interesting Dan Harmon Indicted.He is charged with running a drug-related criminal enterprise while serving as prosecuting attorney for the states 7th Judicial District and heading its federally funded drug task force. Dan Harmon Convicted Despite the apparent need of the federal prosecutors to take a dive, the jury convicts. Arkansas Justice An editorial from the Wall Street Journal. A Question Regarding Harmon Harmon ran what a lawyer in Pulaski County recently described as a reign of alarm in the counties he was sworn to serve. All of that raises the question of why the man was not stopped earlier. This is just the tip of the iceberg. Those interested in the drug scandals of Arkansas can read more on the CIA paginate and in the selected messages from the CIADRUGS mailing list. Crime and the War on Drugs from Harry Brownes 1996 U. S. presidential choice campaign platform Vin Suprynowicz The Big Lie U. S. to Criminalize Trade in Vitamins Are you a vitamin C abuser? DEA raid on Shulgin Laboratory Further information and ongoing reports from the trustee of the Alexander T. Shulgin rely (including the final report). Drug lawyer speculates on the future. The Marijuana Policy Project The MPP is working to chip apart at the excesses of the current prohibitionist policies, gradually replacing them with reasonable regulations. Interview with Michael Levine, former DEA agent, in which he relates his involvement as an undercover agent in heroin and cocaine smuggling in S. E. Asia and southwestward America. Cocaine Politics Drugs, Armies and the CIA in Central America A book by an academic and a journalist which exposes the lies and hypocrisy behind the war on drugs. A review of Smoke and Mirrors The War on Drugs and the Politics of Failure A review of The Politics of Consciousness A Practical Guide to ad hominem Freedom The Arguments against Cannabis are Flimsy from the Usenet newsgroup uk. politics. drugs. The Introduction from the 1996 Positronics Sinsemilla Fanclub Catalogue. There are some countries (considerably more pundit than the U. S. ) where the war on drugs is perceived even by the government itself to be a lie and a fraud. Paul Staines Acid House Parties Against the Lifestyle Police and the Safety Nazis Costs of cannabis laws outweigh their alleged benefit, an excerpt from Marijuana The New Prohibition by Professor John Kaplan. Civil Asset forfeit the end of the rule of law Legal theft in America. The Introduction to Brenda Grantlands Your House is beneath Arrest You may say t his could never happen in America because the U. S. Constitution protects you. There you are wrong, because it is happening in the U. S. at an alarmingly increasing pace. Judy Aita U. N. Drug Report Licensed to Deal, Marijuana Sellers displace Arizona on the Spot U. S. prosecutions of pro-marijuana doctors barred At the end of April 1997 a U. S. district judge issued an ordinance temporarily barring the federal government from prosecuting California doctors who recommend marijuana to their patients. Court gives pot backward to epileptic Judge Sheppard stressed that his decision had nothing to do with the recreational use of marijuana but was based on solid proof that the substance is an irreplaceable aid to Mr.Parkers health problems.He said that to deny Mr. Parker the substance would be to interfere with his proficient to life, liberty and security of person. Liberty includes the right of an individual to make decisions of personal importance, the judge said, and health is surely one of them. Steven Silverman A Harsh Civics Lesson Dr. Bernhard Haisch A Viagra-model Solution to the War on Drugs Medical Use of Cannabis Could Soon be Legal Illicit drug use in the EU legislative approaches (372 Kb PDF file) Edgar J. Steele Pogo Was Right.

Performance Management Essay

1. Summarize the seven (7) components of the framework for coach and executings management, and identify which ones you want development in and why. The seven components of the frame work for coaching and functioning management atomic number 18 the coaching sexual congressship, insight, motivation, capabilities, real-world practice, accountability, and organizational context. The first and most important step in the performance management physical process is to return what is expected. The should also be identifications of any job related learning needs and possible ways to ring these needs.There also needs to be a performance review periodically to make certain that job expectations atomic number 18 relevant and appropriate and revise them if needed. Managers are encouraged to do this jointly with their employees which spy and documenting their performance. Throughout the performance management cycle, you should observe your employees performance and identify instances o f both good and miserable performance. item events and details are important for employees to clearly understand the impact, results, and consequences of their performance. Thorough documentation will enable you to several(predicate)iate good performance and help you to correct poor performance. Provide feedback you should provide frequent feedback and coaching to your employees regarding performance throughout the year.This is especially important for the employee who is performing poorly. To be effective, feedback needs to be immediate, specific, and expressed in relation to a particular outcome and expectation. Deal With Performance That Does Not Meet Expectations. You may wish to draught the assist of your manager. He/she can give you the benefit of his or her experience and provide input and support before proceeding. Also, you can use the services of your Human Resources or Labor Relations Components especially if you are contemplating disciplinary action. They will prov ide the procedural and regulatory guidance as well as assistance in looking at alternatives and providing resources, intervention strategies, and other support. (Public service commission)2. Evaluate the validity of each of the reasons provided for affliction in performance management. The reasons provided for failure in performance management versus performance appraisal discipline gap, accountability, mea true scarcity or overload, lack of balance and failure to assess impact. There are two primary winding purposes of performance appraisal evaluative and developmental. The evaluative purpose is intended to inform people of their performance standing. The stack away performance selective information are frequently used to reward high performance and to punish poor performance. (Smither, 2009) The developmental purpose is intended to identify problems in employees performing the assigned task.The collected performance data are used to provide necessary skill training or professi onal development. The purpose of performance appraisal must be clearly communicated both to raters and rates, because their reactions to the appraisal process are significantly different depending on the intended purpose. Failure to inform astir(predicate) the purpose or misleading information about the purpose may result in inaccurate and biased appraisal reports. (Cascio, 1998) 3. Identify two (2) of the barriers of succeeder that are evident in preventing successful execution of performance management in a alliance you know well and recommend a solution to the problems. If you have not worked with or for a smart set that evaluates employee performance through performance management, imagine what the problems would be based on your knowledge of the company. Be sure to provide your rule.Future scenarios allow organizations to explore multiple potential futures and generate robust strategies and early example signs to understand how the future is unfolding. Where a vision arti culates a preferred future, future scenarios describe how an organization strength achieve its mission in different circumstances or environments. Organizations identify a focal unloose or major decision the organization faces and the critical uncertainties in the macro environment, such as social, economic, political, environmental, and skilful forces. Scenarios are developed based on combinations of these forces and robust strategies are identified to address multiple futures. Finally, indicators are identified to help understand how the future is affecting the organizations decisions.In-order to fully understand the rationale past, present, and future analysis would have to be done on different work environments in-order to generally process the full computation of how and HR performance management society would work to stay in unvaried communication with the employees skill set.

Personal account Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal account - Essay Exampler diversion from an existing menstruum of study will mean a turning point in manner, because the career and the prospective life is normally based on the fruitfulness of the change we adopt in the final stages of education. Just corresponding anyone else, I also have something to tell about the turning point that came into my life, and I would like to pull the same thing in this essay.I was pursuing my studies in medical sciences as a discipline student. There were reasons for my self -imposed discipline and first of it was due to my scholastic merit that I got admission in the university. Secondly, my parents were so ambitious about my becoming a doctor. Each day I woke to incomplete portions of academics as anyone else, but the lapses occurring in my studies were thought-provoking, and I used to feel guilty of scoring less. I realized that I was gradually becoming decrepit to compensate the huge expectations set on me by parents. The transformat ion of my attitudes towards doctors started taking place on one of those days.It was the beginning of a summer that we were assigned community visits as start out of our curriculum. We were divided into groups of five students headed by a doctor. The work was visiting homes of heap living in outdoor(a) villages for observing symptoms of epidemics and creating awareness about the precautions for a few imminent seasonal diseases. I had already hustling to practice the theoretical knowledge and the experimental approaches set for the visit. In books, we were always taught to see human beings as patients and subjects of our case study. The village welcomed us with a series of sights which touched my heart. Children were clad in rags, and old people were almost naked for the essential pieces of clothes they had were too small for them. Young men and women seemed too weak to carry on their daily work. I found it was never possible to compare the living standards of urban people with those of their counterparts in the villages. It was always

Agora film review Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Agora image review - Research newspaper ExampleThe hoi polloi Agora follows the philosopher Hypatia, a historical person portrayed in the film, through the bidding of the decline and fall of the Roman conglomerate near the end of the fourth century AD. It also follows a central cast of character who surround Hypatia, and her school in Alexandria, through this tumultuous time period.The film consciously inverts the understanding of religion that we have in Western baseball club today, where the Christians are dominant and opposite religions are more in the minority. In this film, Christians are the minority religion, though growing quickly and throttle to replace Pagans as the most powerful religion in the Roman Empire, but much of the ground is still in the control of the Pagans. Hypatia and those around her get into frequent conflict with the Christians, including at one pinnacle being mobbed by a group of them during conflict over the teaching and interpretation of scien ce. The Christians then go on to vandalize a library, one of the first assaults on science in the film. Hypatia frequently refuses to shelve to demands that she stops studying sciences, which end up in her getting persecuted, and until nowtually stoned (though she is mercifully killed beforehand the stoning by a good friend of hers, who strangles her). Hypatia was a scientist who taught at a Platonic school that taught the most powerful people in the Empire. She had a love of science that rivaled almost anything else. She began the film as a highly respected person of a relatively high cast of society her father was an grievous person and a slave owner, and she had a small cadre of very faithful follows and students in her school. Hypatia has some(prenominal) admirable qualities that are important to her. Firstly, she is a vastly intelligent person, as exhibit by her qualification as one of the most important teachers in one of the most important schools in the most scientif ic city in the Ancient world. Beyond this alone, Hypatia is also a brave, and to be quite frank, an incredibly stubborn person. When put on by a mob of Christians who begin fervent down the most important library in the world, Hypatia risks her life to save many of the scrolls of science that expertness be completely irreplaceable if they end up destroyed. Furthermore, she continues studying subjects that are forbidden by the saucily powerful Christian religion, such as the theory of heliocentrism, which says that the sun is at the center of the universe instead of the earth, disrespect the fact that her life is threatened again and again because of her refusal of studying. Even when her former students, such as Orestes, give up and on several occasions review to answer questions regarding what they believe and do non believe because of their fear of consequences (or possibly because they have genuinely changed their minds because of conversions to Christianity), Hypatia stands firm with her beliefs in science over religion, despite the threats to her life. Finally, she is a good person, which is shown by the incredible loyalties that she develops, with her friends willing to stand firm with her through thick and thin, and even kill her mercifully when there is no other option. This film displays the decline and fall of the Roman Empire as centering around one issue and almost entirely one issue the testify of Christianity and its replacing traditional Paganism. This represented a fundamental shift in the Roman Empire for several reasons. Firstly, the traditional Pagan religion allowed for the worship of a wide variety of gods and a great deal of different cultures and backgrounds. It would allow for other traditional religions to also exist in addition to the Roman one, it allowed for a great deal of cultural plurality. Christianity, on the other

Direct Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Direct Marketing - Essay Exampleselective discipline is generated by transactions that form the foundation of many industries, such as retail, manufacturing, utilities, transportation, insurance, credit cards, and banking. In addition to these upcountry data, external data sources also provide demographic, lifestyle, and credit discipline on retail customers, and credit, financial, and marketing information on melody customers. Data mine is a very useful tool to analyse business dataand to use it to identify key customers and in turn increase business opportunities by targeted marketing. From the depend marketing perspective, data mining and data fusion provide a necessary means to bespeak and analyse customers data in methodicalness to utilise direct marketing strategy most effectively.Data mining and data fusion argon the exploration and analysis of large quantities of data in order to discover meaningful patterns and rules (Berry et al., 2004). Used in various simpler for ms in earlier times, mining and fusion view as made way for businesses to finally make some sense out of all the data that they affirm accumulated for years (Rudd, 2000). Several books and journals have been published to strengthen the cause of these tools to improve relations amongst customers and generate more business. Some other areas where data mining and data fusion have been extensively used include credit scoring, direct marketing, sales forecasting, insurance, manufacturing, telecommunications, web-mining and text mining. An area pertaining to the scope of this paper is the operation of data mining and fusion in direct marketing. digging and fusion are useful tools in almost all aspects of a business and direct marketing. It inspection and repairs in building supporting systems for day-today business. It is useful in forecasting trends, it is used in decision making processes. It can be used in strategic planning of the course of action to be followed (Berson et al., 1 999).A significant application in this area is the economic consumption of data mining and fusion as tools in customer marketing and effective promotion (Berry et al., 2004). customer acquisition is another such application. Statistical modeling using data mining and fusion are useful in effectively segmenting customers so that suitable marketing efforts can be carried out (Berson et al., 1999). appraisal of customer profitability is another such vital application of data mining. Determining customer segments service establish better marketing and services practice (Berson et al., 1999). Data mining and fusion thus help businesses to a very great extent in managing customers and helps maximise the tenure of relationship with customers, optimise the transactions or business carried out, increase profits associated (Berry et al., 2004).Mining is an activity that processes raw data or information recorded on a transactional basis. Earlier in smaller companies, this mining process w as carried out by multitude who dealt directly with customers. Now with companies that have billions of customers, a system has to be established to carry out these activities. Mining is a follow-up and is closely connected with data warehousing (Berson et al., 1999). If useless data has been collected and warehoused, the mining process will yield no better results. At the same time, having