All About Levees in the U.S.

A levee is a type of dam or wall, usually a man-made embankment, that acts as a barrier between water and property. It is often a raised berm that runs along a river or canal. Levees reinforce a rivers banks and help prevent flooding. By constricting and confining the flow, however, levees can also increase the speed of the water. Levees can fail in at least two ways: (1) the structure is not high enough to stop rising waters, and (2) the structure is not strong enough to hold back rising waters. When a levee breaks at a weakened area, the levee is considered breached, and water flows through the breach or hole. A levee system often includes pumping stations as well as embankment. A levee system can fail if one or more of the pumping stations fail. Definition of Levee A man-made structure, usually an earthen embankment or concrete floodwall, designed and constructed in accordance with sound engineering practices to contain, control, or divert the flow of water so as to provide reasonable assurance of excluding temporary flooding from the leveed area. — U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Types of Levees Levees can be natural or man-made. A natural levee is formed when sediment settles on the river bank, raising the level of the land around the river. To construct a man-made levee, workers pile dirt or concrete along the river banks (or parallel to any body of water that may rise), to create an embankment. This embankment is flat at the top, and slopes at an angle down to the water. For added strength, sandbags are sometimes placed over dirt embankments. Origin of the Word The word levee (pronounced LEV-ee) is an Americanism — that is, a word used in the United States, but not anywhere else in the world. It should come as no surprise that levee originated in the great port city of New Orleans, Louisiana, at the mouth of the flood-prone Mississippi River. Coming from the French word  levà ©e and the French verb lever meaning to raise, handmade embankments to protect farms from seasonal floods became known as levees. A dike serves the same purpose as a levee, but that word comes from the Dutch dijk or German deich. Levees Around the World A levee is also known as a floodbank, stopbank, embarkment, and storm barrier. Although the structure goes by different names, levees protect the land in many parts of the world. In Europe, levees prevent flooding along the Po, Vistula, and Danube rivers. In the United States, you will find important levee systems along the Mississippi, Snake, and Sacramento Rivers. In California, an aging levee system is used in Sacramento and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Poor maintenance of the Sacramento levees have made the area prone to flooding. Global warming has brought stronger storms and greater risks of flooding. Engineers are seeking alternatives to levees for flood control. The answer may lie in modern flood control technologies used in England, Europe, and Japan. Levees, New Orleans, and Hurricane Katrina New Orleans, Louisiana, is largely below sea level. The systematic construction of its levees began in the 19th century and continued into the 20th century as the federal government became more involved with engineering and funding. In August 2005, several levees along waterways of Lake Ponchartrain failed, and water covered 80% of New Orleans. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers designed the levees to withstand the forces of a fast-blowing Category 3 storm; they werent strong enough to survive the Category 4 Hurricane Katrina. If a chain is as strong as its weakest link, a levee is as functional as its structural weakness. A full year before Hurricane Katrina slammed into the Gulf Coast, Walter Maestri, the emergency management chief for Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, was quoted in the New Orleans Times-Picayune: It appears that the money has been moved in the president’s budget to handle homeland security and the war in Iraq, and I suppose that’s the price we pay. Nobody locally is happy that the levees can’t be finished, and we are doing everything we can to make the case that this is a security issue for us. — June 8, 2004 (one year before Hurricane Katrina) Levees as Infrastructure Infrastructure is a framework of communal systems. In the 18th and 19th centuries, farmers created their own levees to protect their fertile farmland from inevitable floods. As more and more people became dependent on other people for growing their food, it made sense that flood mitigation was everyones responsibility and not simply the local farmer. Through legislation, the federal government helps states and localities with engineering and subsidizing the cost of levee systems. Flood insurance has also become a way for people living in high risk areas can help with the cost of levee systems. Some communities have combined flood mitigation with other public works projects, such as highways along riverbanks and hiking paths in recreation areas. Other levees are nothing more than functional. Architecturally, levees can be aesthetically pleasing feats of engineering. The Future of Levees Todays levees are being engineered for resilience and built for double duty — protection when needed and recreation in the off-season. Creating a levee system has become a partnership among communities, counties, states, and federal government entities. Risk assessment, construction costs, and insurance liabilities combine in a complex soup of action and inaction for these public works projects. The building of levees to mitigate flooding will continue to be an issue as communities plan and build for extreme weather events, a predictable unpredictability from climate change. Sources USACE Program Levees, US Army Corps of Engineers at www.usace.army.mil/Missions/CivilWorks/LeveeSafetyProgram/USACEProgramLevees.aspxUnited States of Shame, by Maureen Dowd, The New York Times, September 3, 2005 [accessed August 12, 2016]History of Levees, FEMA, PDF at https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/1463585486484-d22943de4883b61a6ede15aa57a78a7f/History_of_Levees_0512_508.pdfInline photos: Mario Tama/Getty Images; Julie Dermansky/Corbis via Getty Images (cropped)

What Makes A Business - 1434 Words

1. Effective business people realize that the soul of their business is found in making the correct associations. Regardless of whether it is for potential business partnerships, deals, promoting, inventory network administration or just to get away from the dejection of being an entrepreneur, making associations is key for business development. â€Å"Even Sigmund Freud would admit that both dreams and words could have various meanings. As with all words and dreams, they come with both good and bad connotations.† (Carsrud Brannback, 2015) For those of us that are outgoing people, this may come effectively. For some, it may not be so natural. To use Ms. Lee Padgett from Busted Bra Shop for an example, in today s quick paced atmosphere, one†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å" (Kawasaki, 2004) Creating a thought is an essential and energizing procedure yet just the start for business people. They should form a thought into a promising open door through creative considering, statistical surveying, aggressive investigation, and element business demonstrating. Building a Minimum Viable Product is a system for staying away from the improvement of items that clients don t need. The thought is to quickly manufacture a base arrangement of elements that is sufficient to convey the item and test key suppositions about clients cooperations with the item. To use an example, Dr. Paul Thomas of Plum Health wanted to create his own market via bypassing the medical jargon. It varies from the routine system of contributing time and cash to actualize entire item before confirming whether clients need the item or not. MVP tests the genuine use situation rather than routine statistical surveying that depends on studies or center gatherings, which frequently give deluding comes about. The principal variant of an item is regularly alluded to as a Minimum Viable Product, or at the end of the day, an item that has recently the center components that make the item work. It can be a site or an application, yet whatever you do, keep it straightforward. The term Minimum Viable Product was promoted when it was referenced as a feature of the Lean Startup procedure. The Lean Startup strategy is about expelling waste when assembling aShow MoreRelatedWhat Makes A Business? Essay731 Words   |  3 PagesH1 Let Us Help Get You Off the Ground with Our Profe ssional Business Establishment Accountants Operating in Box Hill Creating a business can be a hard task – Acumen want to help your business grow so that you can be comfortable with your finances and live flexibly. 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The Life of Shirley Chisholm - 3444 Words

SHIRLY CHISHOLM A MARVICK IN HER TIME Table of Contents Introduction to Shirley Chisholm 3 Shirley’s rearing In Barbados 4 Retuning to Brooklyn 5 Shirley gets an Intro to Politics in College 6 Time for Shirley to Stop watching and get in the Mix 7 Shirley the Assemblywoman 8 Shirley the Congresswoman 10 Shirley fights for our basic Civil Rights 11 Shirley’s work in Congress reflected the Civil Rights Movement 12 Shirley’s Bid for the President 13 Conclusion 13 Listed Work Cited 15 Introduction to Shirley Chisholm Shirley Chisholm was a â€Å"Rough Rider† straight out of the gate. Her mother said at 3 years old, she was bossing kids 3 and 4 years older than her. To†¦show more content†¦Her father was having trouble making end meet. His new job would only give him part-time hours. Their family could not exist off of his salary along, so Shirley’s mother went to work a domestic worker. Shirley was the oldest, so she got the latch key. They were told to stay in the house and not to open the door for no one until their mother got home. Finally her father began to work full-time and he was promoted to supervisor at his job. Shirley’s mom quit working her domestic job; but she would always be a seamstress. While leaving in Brooklyn Shirley and her family lived in the worst tenement apartments and what we now call ghettos. One apartment they lived in was so cold, that during the winter, they just closed off one room and all the sisters slept in one bedroom. Shi rley was affected by the cold for the rest of her life after that experience. They did move to another apartment in the Bedford-Stuyvesant. He father became a janitor and the apartment was free. The High School she attended was all women mostly white, but the neighborhood was predominately black. Shirley parent keep a tight rein on their girls. In fact she never had a regular date in high school or college. 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Chisholm had an influential political career. In 1968, she was elected to Congress from New York City. She served until 1983, when she retired. In 1972, Chisholm became the first black person to seek the Democratic Presidential nomination. She won 152 delegates. Jesse Jackson called her a woman of great courage . . . who refused to accept the ordinaryRead MoreThe Lion Of Bed Stuy1425 Words   |  6 Pagesin that document allow for the freedom of Americans to behave in the way they see fit, and not the way the politicians do. Shirley Chisholm was well aware of this, and is what helped push her to be a pioneer in the political arena. Shirley was the eldest of four daughters to be born to Charles Christopher, and Ruby St. Hill on November 30, 1924 in Brooklyn New York. Shirley was of Barbadian descent on her mother’s side, but little was known about Charles side as he was raised as an orphan. 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Market Power and Regulation System †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Market Power and Regulation System. Answer: Introduction: The natural monopolies are conducive to the industries, in which the largest supplier obtains cost advantages and it needs to be regulated for minimising risks. An industry incumbent defines a natural monopoly, in which the biggest supplier could develop theoretically the lowest prices of production with the help of economies of scope or scale (Barata, 2017). Hence, the natural monopoly conditions are at greater risk of developing actual economies and benefits of the society to regulate such situations. The regulating industries in order to reduce monopolisation along with maintaining competitive equality could be pursued with the help of average pricing of cost, regulations related to return rate, price ceilings, subsidies and taxes. Thus, the current essay aims to describe the way and the reasons that the government might want to regulate the price setting of a natural monopoly. Depiction of the way and the reasons that the government might want to regulate the price setting of a n atural monopoly: The government might intend to regulate monopolies for ensuring the interests of the consumers. For instance, the monopolies have market power in setting greater prices in contrast to competitive markets. The government could regulate monopolies with the help of standard rivalry, price capping and preventing monopoly power growth. There are several reasons that the government regulates the price setting of a natural monopoly. Firstly, the government aims to prevent additional increase in product or service prices. In the absence of government regulation, the monopolies could quote prices, which would exceed the competitive equilibrium (Bs, 2015).As a result, there would be inefficient allocation and fall in consumer welfare. Secondly, the government wants to regulate the price setting of a natural monopoly. For instance, if an organisation enjoys monopoly over the provision of a particular product, it might have minimal incentive for offering effective quality service. The government regulation could assure the organisation to achieve minimum service standards (Davies, 2014). Thirdly, an organisation having monopoly selling power might be in a situation to exploit monopsony purchasing power. For instance, the supermarkets might utilise dominant market position in squeezing the farmers profit levels. Fourthly, the government enforces regulation in order to promote the overall competition in the economy (Hawley, 2015).This is because in few industries, competition could be assured and this would minimise the need for government regulation. Fifthly, some industries are adjudged as natural monopolies because of greater economies of scale and the effective number of firms is one. Hence, competition could be encouraged and it is necessary in regulating the organisation in protecting the abuse of monopoly power (Hiriart Thomas, 2017). Several methods are available by which the government could regulate price setting in a natural monopoly. The first method is price capping on the part of the regulators through price capping regulators CPI-X. In case of newly privatised industries like electricity, water and gas, the organisation has developed regulatory agencies like OFGEM for the markets of electricity and gas, OFWAT for tap water and ORR for rail regulator office (Hirschfeld, 2015). Out of these functions, they would be able to minimise the increase in prices. This could be accomplished with the help of a formula CPI-X. In this case, X is the amount by which the prices could be minimised in real terms. In case, inflation is 3% and X is 1%, the organisations could raise actual prices by 2% (3% -1%). In case, the regulator views that an organisation could conduct efficiency savings and it is charging additional to the customers, it could set a greater X level. In the beginning years of the regulation related to telecommunication, the X-level has been extremely high, as efficiency savings help in larger price cuts. In case of water industry, the price cap system is CPI -/+K. K is the quantity of investment, which the water organisation is needed to implement. Thus, if the water organisations are required to invest in effective water pipes, they would be able to raise the prices for funding their investments. There are various benefits of CPI-X regulation. The regulator could adopt increase in prices based on the industrial state and potential savings related to efficiency. In case, an organisation minimises costs above X, they could raise their profit level. However, as argued by Jamal Sunder (2014), incentives are inherent in minimising costs. As no competition is inherent, CPI-X is a method of raising competition and this limits the abuse of monopoly power. However, the CPI-X regulation is costly and difficult to analyse for ascertaining the overall level of X. There is a risk associated with regulatory capture, in which the regulators are too soft on the organisation and this allows them in increasing prices to make adequate profit from investment. In addition, in case of inefficiency of a firm, penalty might be imposed on them by having greater X levels for keeping its efficiency saving. The regulators could investigate the service quality provided on the part of the monopoly. For instance, the regulator of rail investigates the record of safety related to rail organisations for assuring that they do not cut corners. In the markets of gas and electricity, the regulators would ensure that the aged individuals are treated with utmost concern. This includes not enabling an organisation to reduce gas supplies in winter. The government has a policy to examine mergers that would develop monopoly power. In case, a new merger develops an organisation exceeding 25% of the market share, it is referred automatically to the Competition Commission. Such commission could determine in allowing or blocking the merger (Lim Yurukoglu, 2015). In most cases, the government could determine a monopoly, which is required to be broken up, as the organisation has become too powerful. For instance, the US looked into segregating Microsoft; however, the action has been dropped. This tends to be viewed as an extreme step and there is no assurance that the new organisations would not collude. In addition, there is a standard return rate in regulation of monopolies in the CPI-X price capping. The return rate regulation views at the size of the organisation and evaluates what would conduct a reasonable profit level from the base of capital (Lytton, 2014). In case, there is excessive profit made on the part of the organisatio n in comparison to its relative size, the regulator might enforce price cuts or take one off tax. The government often enforces regulations for investigating the abuse of monopoly power. In Australia, the fair trading office could examine the abuse of monopoly power. This might take into account unfair trading practices. Some of these practices include collusion, in which the firms agree to set greater prices (Mudambi, Navarra Delios, 2013). Collusive tendering takes place at the firms enter into contracts in fixing the bid at which they would place tender for projects. The organisations would collect the same in tureen to obtain the contract along with enabling a greater price for the contract. Predatory pricing is another reason of enforcing government regulations, in which the prices are kept to try to push the rival organisations out of the industry (Pan, 2014). Vertical restraints are inherent in vertical restraints to restrict the retailers in stocking competitor products. The government is engaged in enforcing regulations for selective distribution. For instance, in the Australian car industry, the organisations have entered into exclusive and selective network of distribution for keeping greater prices. According to the report of the Competition Commission, the Australian cars have been at least 10% greater in contrast to the European cars. The issue with monopolies is that a monopolistic organisation, left to its own concurrence, would probably select in producing at a level of output, which is much lower and provide the product at a greater price resulting from a purely competitive industry (Posner, 2014). A monopolist would produce, in which its price is higher compared to that of marginal cost depicting an under-apportionment of resources towards the product. Through the restriction of output and increasing its price, the monopolist is assured greater profits. However, this would be accomplished at the societal cost of lower consumer welfare or surplus. However, in few industries, due to the broad output range over which the economies of scale are experienced, it creates the utmost sense for a single organisation to participate. These markets are termed as natural monopolies and few examples include natural gas, cable television, utilities and other industries having greater economies of scale (Stockwell et al., 2015). The government regulators experience a dilemma to deal with natural monopolistic industries like the electricity industry. For instance, an electricity organisation having a monopoly in a specific market would base its output and price decision on the rule of profit maximisation, which is prevalent amongst all the unregulated firms. Thus, the organisations would manufacture at a level, in which the marginal revenue equals marginal cost. The issue for a monopolist is that marginal revenue is lower than the price to be charged, which depicts that at the level of profit maximisation of output, marginal cost would be lower than the price and evidence related to allocating inefficiency. This necessitates the requirement for government regulation. A government associated with obtaining the right amount of electricity to the right number of individuals (allocating efficiency) might select in a price ceiling for electricity at the extent, in which the marginal cost of the organisation is equal to the price. This would be lower than the average overall cost of the organisation (Tirole, 2014). However, this would lead to significant losses for the organisation and this might lead to shut down of the same. Hence, the government needs to set a price ceiling, in which the price is identical to the average overall cost of the organisation implying that the firm would accomplish break-even by earning normal gain. From the above discussion, it has been found that the natural monopoly conditions are at greater risk of developing actual economies and benefits of the society to regulate such situations. The regulating industries in order to reduce monopolisation along with maintaining competitive equality could be pursued with the help of average pricing of cost, regulations related to return rate, price ceilings, subsidies and taxes. Thus, the current essay has described the way and the reasons that the government might want to regulate the price setting of a natural monopoly. In addition, it has been observed that an organisation having monopoly selling power might be in a situation to exploit monopsony purchasing power. For instance, the supermarkets might utilise dominant market position in squeezing the farmers profit levels. Along with this, the government enforces regulation in order to promote the overall competition in the economy. This is because in few industries, competition could be assured and this would minimise the need for government regulation. Fifthly, some industries are adjudged as natural monopolies because of greater economies of scale and the effective number of firms is one. Hence, competition could be encouraged and it is necessary in regulating the organisation in protecting the abuse of monopoly power. The government regulators experience a dilemma to deal with natural monopolistic industries like the electricity industry. For instance, an electricity organisation having a monopoly in a specific market would base its output and price decision on the rule of profit maximisation, which is prevalent amongst all the unregulated firms. Thus, the organisations would manufacture at a level, in which the marginal revenue equals marginal cost. The issue for a monopolist is that marginal revenue is lower than the price to be charged, which depicts that at the level of profit maximisation of output, marginal cost would be lower than the price and evidence related to allocating inefficiency. References: Barata, J. (2017). Spain: From Monopoly to Liberalisation. Two Decades of Telecommunications Regulation.Australian Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy,4(4), 80-88. Bs, D. (2015).Pricing and price regulation: an economic theory for public enterprises and public utilities(Vol. 34). Elsevier. Davies, A. (2014). Regulation and Productivity.Mercatus Center at George Mason University. Hawley, E. W. (2015).The New Deal and the problem of monopoly. Princeton University Press. Hiriart, Y., Thomas, L. (2017). The optimal regulation of a risky monopoly.International Journal of Industrial Organization,51, 111-136. Hirschfeld, K. (2015). Introduction. InGangster States(pp. 1-22). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Jamal, K., Sunder, S. (2014). Monopoly versus competition in setting accounting standards.Abacus,50(4), 369-385. Lim, C. S., Yurukoglu, A. (2015). Dynamic natural monopoly regulation: Time inconsistency, moral hazard, and political environments.Journal of Political Economy. Lytton, T. D. (2014). Competitive third-party regulation: How private certification can overcome constraints that frustrate government regulation.Theoretical Inquiries in Law,15(2), 539-572. Mudambi, R., Navarra, P., Delios, A. (2013). Government regulation, corruption, and FDI.Asia Pacific Journal of Management,30(2), 487-511. Pan, S. W. (2014). Countermeasures for Regulating Income Distribution in Monopoly Industries of China.International Journal of Management Science and Engineering Research,1, 16-20. Posner, R. A. (2014).Economic analysis of law. Wolters Kluwer Law Business. Sokol, D. D. (2013). Merger Control Under China's Anti-Monopoly Law. Stockwell, T., Zhao, J., Marzell, M., Gruenewald, P. J., Macdonald, S., Ponicki, W. R., Martin, G. (2015). Relationships between minimum alcohol pricing and crime during the partial privatization of a Canadian government alcohol monopoly.Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs,76(4), 628-634. Tirole, J. (2014). Market power and regulation.Scientific Background on the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel.